Civil Rights Terms
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| Baker v. Carr (1962) | TN legislature failed to reapportion its state legislature for 60 years despite growth and population movement; baker sued the legislature for violation for 14th amendment
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| Black Panthers | stressed program of black pride, economic self-sufficiency, and armed resistance to white oppression
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| Black Power | militant factions of civil rights group; stressed forceful resistance to white oppression and advocated separation from white society
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| Brown vs. Board of Education | reversed the "separate but equal" doctrine from plessy vs. ferguson, Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities were inherently unequal and ordered public schools to desegregate
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| Stokely Carmichael | former member of student non-violent coordinating committee; abandoned non-violent learning and became leader of black nationalist movement
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| Central High School | integrated 9 black students with help from NAACP, attack by mobs at first but eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort
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| Civil Rights Act of 1957 | created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not violated
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| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations
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| Civil Rights Act of 1968 | outlawed discrimination in the rental or sale of housing and apartments
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| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | advocated non-violence; sponsored Freedom Rides in the South, breaking segregation on buses
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| Medgar Evers | NAACP leader in Mississippi; assassinated outside his home after President Kennedy’s speech for civil rights
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| Freedom Ride | black and white members rode through the South on public buses to protest segregation in interstate transportation
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| Freedom Summer | CORE declared this movement in which members boarded integrated buses in the North bound for the Deep South to show their support for the desegregation of public transit and bus stations
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| Little Rock Nine | nine African American students integrated Little Rock’s Central High School; federal troops sent in to escort them
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| Malcolm X | major advocate of Black Power who helped lead the Nation of Islam to national prominence; assassinated for breaking from nation of islam
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| Martin Luther King, Jr | , King tirelessly led the struggle for integration and full equality through nonviolent means; assassinated in 1968; gave the I have a dream speech
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| Thurgood Marshall | black attorney who argued the case of Brown v. Board of Education in front of the Supreme Court; first african american to be appointed to supreme court
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| Nation of Islam | followed the teachings of Elijah Muhammad as spoken by Malcolm X who openly criticized MLK and his followers as “Uncle Toms” who had sold themselves out to whites
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| Rosa Parks | black seamstress who sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white man
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| Jackie Robinson | baseball players who became a symbol of civil rights when he broke the Major League’s color barrier in 1947
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| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | organized to fight against segregation using nonviolent means
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| Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee | students who led many aspects of the civil rights movement; integration of lunch counters and other public facilities through sit-ins
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | voters could no longer be forced to take literacy tests; provided federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered
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| Watts Race Riots | caused by drunk-driving arrest of young African American and claims of police brutality; left more than 30 dead and 1,000 wounded and over $2mill. in property damage
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| Richard Wright | African American author who wrote about racial oppression; Uncle Tom’s Children, Native Son, Black Boy
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