IGCSE chemistry, organic chemistry
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| General formula for alkynes | CnH2n-2 |
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| General formula for alkenes | CnH2n |
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| General formula for alkanes | CnH2n+2 |
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| CaC2 + 2H2O -> | ->Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 (ethyne/acetylene) |
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| Preparing ethyne | Water added to calcium carbide. | Ethyne burns with a very sooty flame unless in excess oxygen, eg 'oxy acetylene' torches
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| Preparing ethene in lab | Dehydrate ethanol with concentrated H2SO4 (gives poor yield) | Ethene is an important industrial gas
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| Preparing ethene by cracking | Cracking saturated hydrocarbons via steam cracking naptha compounds (C4-C12) |
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| Properties alkenes /alkynes | Non polar, insoluble in water, low M.p/B.p but increase with size |
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| Sustitution | Alkanes with halogens, halogen atoms swap with hydrogen, hydrogen halide gas as a product, requires UV light |
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| C2H6 + Br2 -(UV)> | ->C2H5Br + HBr |
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| Complete combustion of alkanes | CO2+H2O produced | Only in excess of Oxygen
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| Incomplete combustion | Produce CO and/ or C (soot) instead of CO2 | Limited oxygen
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| Properties of alkanes | Single covalent bonds, Undergo combustion and substituion reactions, nonpolar(insoluble in water) Low MP/BP (increases with size), Less dense than water(float) | Found in natural gas (esp methane, ethan and propane) and crude oil
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| Isomer | Different form of same molecular formula with a different structural formula | (blank)
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| Meth- | 1 carbon | (blank)
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| Eth- | 2 carbons | (blank)
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| Prop- | 3 carbons | (blank)
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| But- | 4 carbons | (blank)
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| CH2=CH2 + H2O -(dil. H2SO4/H3PO4)-> | ->CH3-CH2-OH | Hydration
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| Functional group | The specific arrangement of atoms and/or bonds responsible for the main physical +chemical properties | (blank)
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| Homologous series | Family of hydrocarbons with same functional group. Similar chemical + physical properties | The main homologoud series' alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
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| Hydration | Adding water to alkene, forms alcohols | Catalyst = dilute H2SO4 or H3PO4
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| Halogenation | Adding a halogen to alkene, forms halogenoalkanes | (blank)
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| Testing for unsaturation | Bromine water, decolourises from orange/brown to colourless | (blank)
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| Hydrogenation | Adding hydrogen to an alkene, forms an alkane | Catalyst = nickel or platinum use at 150degrees
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| CH2=CH2 + H2 -(nickel/platinum)-> | ->CH3-CH3 | Hydrogenation
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| CH2=CH2 + Br2 -> | CH2BrCH2Br | Halogenation
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