anatomy final respiratory system

Help!

question

answer

anatomically the respiratory system consists of?

upper resp tract and lower resp tract

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functionally the respiratory syst can be dividedinto?

conducting portion, respiratory portion

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conducting portion

transports air

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respiratory portion of repiratory system

is where gas exchange with blood takes place

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conducting portion includes

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, progressively smaller airways (rom primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles

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respiratory portion is composed of

small airways called respirat bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli

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the primary ffunction of resp system is

breathing also called pulmonary bentilation

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two cyclic phases of breathing

inhalation/inspiration (draw gas into lungs) and exhalation/expiration (exhalation forces gases out of the lungs

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respiration cycle

o2 drawn in (inhalation), o2 transported to body cells form lungs, cells use o2 and generate CO2, blood transports CO2 from cells to lungs, CO2 is added to atmosphere during exhalation

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functions of resp system?

gas exchange, condition gases, produce sound (speech), sense of smell, protects body against airborne infection

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inhale by __ pressure

negative

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exhale by ___ pressure

positive

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inspiration

inhalation

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expiration

exhalation

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the inhaled air is conditioned meaning?

prior to reaching tiny air sacs of lungs, the gases are warmed, humidified and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the resp epithelium

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when air is forced out of resp tract we produce ___

sound

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what cont to sound production

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth lips tongue

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crqanial nerve 1 (_____) relies upon _____ in upper nasal mucous membranes

olfactory nerve, chemoreceptors

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ridges in nose

nasal conchae, nasal turbinates, ethmoidal projections, projections of facial bones

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the structure of the resp system protects the body by?

trapping foreign debris in mucus and destroying microbes with lysozyme

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lysozyme

enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls

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cystic fibrosis

most common genetically inherited fatal disease, because of one defect in a transport protein on mucus membrane

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the conditioning of air when inhaled is facilitated by

twisted pathways through teh nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, cause inhaled air to becom very turbulent during inhalation

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chemoreceptors detect

inhaled molecules that dissolvein the mucus overlying othe olfactory epithelium

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describe the structure of the respiratory system that help protect body against airborns infection?

entrance to nose is lined with coarse hairs, twisted passageways trap insects and microbes, numerous mucus-produceing cells found in the epith that produce mucus and lysozyme

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mucus traps

inhaled dust, microbes, insects and pollen

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defensive mucus production can increase when?

large quantities of irritating materials enter

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upper resp tract is composed of?

nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx (throat)

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the _____ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.

nose

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nose is supported superiorly by?

nasal bones that form bridge of the nose

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anterioinferiorly fromthe bridge of nose is?

cartilaginous portion of the nose

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____ open on the inferior surface of the nose?

paired nostrils (external nares)

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internal surface of the nose leads to the ____

nasal cavity

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the nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with teh

nasopharynx via paired openings called internal nares

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roof of nasal cavity is formed by

frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate, spphenoid bone

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floor of the nasal cavity is formed by?

horizontal plate of maxillae, horizontal portions of palatine bones

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anterior region of nasal cavity ic called

vestibule

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near the vestibule are coarse hairs, called?

vibrissae, help trap large particles

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nasal cavity is lined with?

ciliated epithelium and covered with mkucus taht moves dust and debris post towards the nasopharynx

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most superior portion of nasal cavity cont?

olfactory epithelium (numerous chemorecep)

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nasal septum

divides nasal cavity into l and r portions, formed anterioly by septal cartilage, perpendicular plate (superior portion), vomer bone (post portion)

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lateral walls of nasal cavity are formed primarily by

conchae (turbinates - b/c create turbulence in inhaled air)

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turbulence ensures?

that air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified

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nasolacrimal ducts empty

just inferior to the inferior nasal conchae

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nasl cavity functions?

filtration, conditioning, olfaction, RESONATING CHAMBER contributes to sound production

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paranasal sinuses decrease

skull bone weight

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all sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined by?

ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus

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paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

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pharynx

throat, common space used by both resp and digest systems

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shape of pharynx

funnel-shaped, slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly

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pharynx originates________ and extends inferiorly ______

posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, to teh level of teh vifuracation of the larynx and esophagus

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cockroach walks into the nose of a person what is he going to see on the ceiling of the nasal cavity?

roof of nose bones

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for most of its length the pharynx is a?

common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air adn for ingested food

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pharynx is lined by?

mucosa and contain skeletal muscles taht are primarily used for swallosing

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three regions of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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what facial bone contributes to nasal septum

vomer (ethmoid is a cranial bone)

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nasopharynx separates the nasal cavity fromt eh

posterior part of the oral cavity

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normall only ____ passes through the nasopharynx

air

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food and drink are blocked from entering the nasopharynx by elevation of?

soft palate and uvula

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what connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum?

in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, paired auditory (eustachian) tubes connect the nasopharynx

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the posterior nasopharynx wall houses a singel?

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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adenoids

pharyngeal tonsil

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middle pharyngeal region

oropharynx (poster to the oral cavity)

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oropharynx is bounded superiorly by ______ and inferiorly by ______

soft palate, hyoid bone

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what cranial bone cont to sup and middle nasal ?

sup and nasal conchae of ethmoid

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what is the function of oropharynx

common resp and digest pathway throguh widh both air and swallowed food and drink pass

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the epithelium of oropharynx contains?

no CILIA, strong to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food

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what is the name of the pair of paranasal sinuses that are not in a cranial bone?

maxillary sinuses

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each sinus drains into?

paranasal cavity

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which sinus is the wost drainage?

maxillary sinus, high and medial drainage

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lymphatic organs in the oropharynx function?

provid first line of defense against ingetsted or inhaled foreign material

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name the lymphatic organsin the oropharynx

palatine tonsisl (lateral wall), lingual tonsils (base of tongue)

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inferior narrowed region of pharynx

in the laryngopharynx (this is where large food gets stuck)

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where does the laryngopharynx terminate

at the superior border of the esophagus

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laryngopharynx is lined with?

strong epith with NO CILIA since in PERMITS PASSAGE OF BOTH FOOD AND AIR

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most common way infection get into middle ear?

travel up eustacian tube from nasopharynx

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_____ rises upward with teh _____ during swallowing

uvual (post portion of soft palate, soft palate, (block food or liquids from entering nasopharynx

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the ___ are tne massees of lymphatic tissue you see at the back of the oropharynx while the _____ are not apparent and are located int he nasopharynx

palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils

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lower resp tract is made up of

conduction airways as well as the srepiratiory portion of resp system

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larynx

voice box

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name all the structures the snake in contact

ant nares, septal cartilate, flood of nasal cavity, vest, inf nasal conchae, pose nares, uvula soft palate, tongue, teeth, come out past mobile labia out buccal cavity

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describe the larynx

short, cylindrical airway

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larynx is bound superiorly by the ____ and posterioly by the ____ nad inferiorly by the _____.

laryngopharyns, esophagus, trachea

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superior aspect of larynx is lined with?

strat squanmous epith

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inferior to the vocal cords,the larynx lining becomes a ?

ciliated epithelium

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functions of laryns

prevents swallows materials formentering lower resp tract, conduc air into the lower resp tract, produces sounds

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larynx is supported by

framework of nine piece sof cartilage that are held in place by liganaments and muscles

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the voice box is shapedmore like a ?

shield,

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prominence of thyroid cartilage

adams apple (secondary sexually characteristic of males)

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bellow thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilag

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describe cricoid cartilage

is a complete ring (unusual)

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what is located behind the larynx

the esophagus

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largest cartilage of larynx is the

thyroid cartilage

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thyroid cartilage forms the _____ walls of hte larynx

only the anterior and lateral

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the thyroid cartilage has no?

posterior component and if formed from hylanine cartilage

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laryngeal prominence

adam's apple (v-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid

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overall growth of the thyroid cartilage is stimulated by the ?

testosterone; htus, adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males (longer vocal cords also, hence deeper voice of males)

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cricoid cartilage forms the

inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly

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cricoid cartilage is composed of?

hylaine cartilage

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cricothyroid ligament

attaches the cricoid cart to the inderior edge of the thyroid cartilage

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where is the cricothyroid ligament?

4 fingers width above the sternal notch

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cricothyrotomy

emergency airway, sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision throug hte cricothyroid ligament

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incisions of cricothyrotomy

vertical incision made just through the skin followed by a horizontal incision made through the cricothyroid lig to allow air to enter the lower resp tract

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epiglottis is formed primarily of?

elastic cartilage

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what is cut in a cricothyrotomy (or cric)

cricothyroid ligament

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the epig projects sukperiorly into the?

pharynx from its attch to the thyroid cartilage

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when a person swallows, the epiglottis closes ove rht eh?

laryngeal opening, preventing materials from entering the larynx

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during swallowint he the larynx ____ and moves forward while the epiglottis is bent _____ to cover the underlying glottis

elevates, backwards

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after swallowing, the larynx moves ____ and the ep[iglottis returns to its orig superior position

inferiorly

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cartilaginous sponn shaped strux?

epiglottis

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laryngoscope

L-shaped endoscope used for visualizing the larynx

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two pairs of strong connective tissue bands stretched across the upper opening of hte larynx?

vestibular ligaments, vocal ligaments

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vestibular ligaments

superior ligaments of the larynx

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vocal ligamnets

inferior ligaments of larynx

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vestibular folds

"false vocal cords", vestibular ligaments along with teh mucous membrane - no function in soound production

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vocal folds

"true vocal cords", vocal ligaments along witht eh mucous membrane covering them - THEY PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR PASSEES BETWEEN THEN

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the tip of the laryngoscope either pivots the ____ anteriorly at its baseo r actually touches the epiglottis to pull it _______. In bothe instances the epiglottis moves away from teh ____ and makes it easier to look down into the _____.

epiglottis, anteriorly, spine, larynx

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false vocal cords

vestibular folds, support the true vocal cords below

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inferior ligaments

vocal ligaments

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vegus nerve (cranial nerve) is injured you'll have trouble with

vocal cords

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true vocal cords vibrate when air is passed over them and produce _____.

sound,

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vocal cords of males are longer, vibrate more slowly than those of _____ and produce lower _____.

females, pitches

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rima glottidis

opening between the vocal folds

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the rima glottidis widens if the vocal folds are _____ and becomes ___ if the vocal folds are ______.

abducted, narrower, adducted

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if you're trying to intubate a baby

even if you do everything right really bad things can happen

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glottis refers to the

rima glottidis plus the vocal folds.

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when air is forced through the rima glottidis the vocal folds ____, and this bibration produces _____

vibrate, sound

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what determines the quality of the sound?

length, tension, and position of the vocal folds

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the range of voices (soprano or bass) is determmined by the _______?

length of the vocal folds

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___ is determined by the tightness or tautness of the vocal folds

pitch

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loudness is depends on the?

force of air passing the vocal folds

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as we grow our vocal folds increase in _____, resulting in?

length, voices deepen

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under the influence of testosterone?

the vocal folds of males are longer and thicker than those of females, (deeper voice)

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pitch refers to the rgrequncey of sound wavews and is determined by the amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds by the _+_______

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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more taut vocal cords result in? less taut vocal cords results in?

higher sound, lower the pitch of sound

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lot of air forced throug ht erima glottidis produces? little air forced throug proudces?

loud sound, soft sound

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when you whisper?

only the most posterior portion of the rima glottidis is opena nd the vocal cords do nott vibrate

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give an example of when the vocal cords are not vibrating and you're still talking?

whisper

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why is it that all whisper sounds are the same pitch?

becaseu the vocal cords are not vibrating

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describe a childs vocal cords

shorter, smaller vocal folds, produce higher voices

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when a male goes throught puberty what occurs to his voice?

his laryngeal cartilages and voacal folds grow rapidly producing the "cracking" voice that eventually leads to a adeeper voice at maturity

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recognizable speech requires the participation of numerous structures

pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, tongue

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castroti

male soprano's, cut of testes to keep high voices

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why is it that children have high, nasal-like voices?

because their sinuses are not yet well developed, so they lack large chambers where sounds can resonate

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trachea

flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe

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trachea extends through the____ and lies immediately anterior to the _______, inferior to the _______, and superior to the primary ____ of the lungs

mediastinum, esophagus, larynx, brochi

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windpipe

trachea

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the trachea is held open by?

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with the open part of the C facing posteriorly to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down teh esophagus

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open part of C-chaped hyaline cartilage faces what direction?

posteriorly, to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down the esophagus

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if the C-shaped hyaline cartilages weren't there what would occur to your trachea

it would collapse when inhale

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tracheal cartilages

15-20 C-shaped hyaline cart of trachia

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the open ends of each C-shaped piece are bound together by the?

trachealis muscle and by an elastic, ligamentous membrane

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contrx of the trachealis muscle influences?

airflow by narrowing the diameter of trachea

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why would you want to narrow the trachea?

when you're trying to expel a foreign object or mucus (coughing)

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_______ are forced expiration and emply the _____ to force the ribs down and in and the _____ to force the abdominal organs in and up against the _____. the _____ narrows teh trachea to make this expulsion more forceful.

coughing and sneezing, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, diaphragm, trachealis muscle

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trachea is lined with

ciliated epithelium and mucus secreting cells (dus and foreign particles are swept up into the pharynx where the mucus is either coughed out or swallowed

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mucociliated escalator

ciliated epith and mucus secreting cells sweeping up dust and foreign particles

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at the level of the sternal angel the trachea?

bifurcates into r and l primary bronchi

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much of what you inhale everyday you ___-

eat

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the right primary bronchus is more _______ while the left primary bronchus leeaves at a ______

vertical, more acute angle (because of the heart)

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why is is important to know the angles of the primary bronchi?

because objects are more likely to lodge in the right lung as it is more of a straight down route

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inhaled objects are morelikely to travel down into the ____ lobes of the lungs than the ___ lobes.

right, left

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carina

internal ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin

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aspirate

when you vomit something up and then breath it into lungs

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bronchial tee

highly branched system of air-conducting passages taht orginate from teh l and r primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge

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if we're talking about the respiratory tree what is the trunk? two main branches?

trachea, l and r primary bronchi

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funct of respiratory tree?

conduct air

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what support the walls of the primary bronchi?

incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage, ensure they remain open

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primary bronchi enter into the medialsurface of the lungs together with the J_____, ____ and _____

pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessesl, nerves

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hilum

medial surface of the lung

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primary bronchi branches into?

secondary bronchi

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lft lung has ____ secondary braonchi

two, has two lobes

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right lung has ___ secondary bronchi.

three, has three lobes

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secondary bronchi divide into

tertiary bronchi, turn and divide even smaller

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as the bronchi branch the airways (bronchial tree) get smaller and smaller until they reach the tiny bronchioles taht have NO _____

cartilage rings or cilia

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all bronchi have ___-

incomplete rings of cartilage (become fewer and fewer)

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all bronchi are lined with ____-

ciliated epithelium

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a ________ develops between the mucosa of the airways and tthe cartilaginous support in the wall

complete ring of smooth muscle

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since bronchioles contain no cartilage rings, what prevents them from collapsing?

their small diameter

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what helps bronchioles regulate airway constriction and dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree?

thicker layer of smooth muscle than large bronchi

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bronchoconstriction

smooth muscle contrx narrows bronchioles

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bronchodilation

smooth muscle relaxation dilates bronchioles

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terminal bronchioles

final segment of the conducting pathway, conduct air into the resp portion of the resp system

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the airways that are easiest to collapse are the?

bronchioles

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respiratory portion of respiratory system consists of?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and pulmonary alveoli

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where is the problem with asthma attacks

bronchioles narrowing

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terminal bronchioles

the final portionof the conducting system and conduct air to the respiratory portion of the resp syste

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describe the epithelium in the resp portion of resp system?

epithelium is much thinner than in the conducting portion, facilitating gas diffusion btwn pulmonary cap and resp structures

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alveoli arise from both?

resp bronchioles and the alveolar ducts

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how are the thin walled alveoli specialized?

to promote diff of gases btwn the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the _____ so it can be carried by teh _____ ot the body's metabolically active tissues

pulmonary capillaries, erythrocytes

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co2 diffuses out of the ______ in to the _____ so it can be expired

pulmonary capillaries, alveoli

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lungs contain ______ alveoli

300-400 million

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the spongy nature of the lungs is due to the

packing of millions of alveoli together

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alveolar macrophages

migratory cells, cont crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorg or particulate material that has reached the alveoli

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lungs house

bronchial tree and resp portion of the resp system

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lungs are separtated by

mediastinum

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outer surface of each lung

visceral pleura

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internal thoarcic walls, lateral surfaces of mediatinum and sup srf of diaphragms

parietal pleura

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final portion of the conducting system?

terminal bronchioles

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alveolar ducts terminate in

alveoli

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the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous where?

hilum of each lung

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potential space between serous membrane layers

pleural cavity

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dust cells

alveolar macrophages

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when the lungs are inflated, teh pleural v cavity is a ___________, why?

pleural cavity, teh visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with eachother

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if you have a collapsed lung

visceral pleura is large, distance btwn visceral pleura and parietal pleura is large

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there is a ____ in pleural cavity, that keeps the two layers together

partial vaccuum

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the parietal and visceral pleura move as a ____unless?

unit, a knife (ex) or outside air is let in

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pneumothorax

collapsed lung, get air into pleural cavity wich allows the lung to collapse

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right lung is divided into

sup, middle and inf lobes

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feft lung is subdivided into the?

sup, inf lobe

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lf and right lungs may be partitioned into _____ segments

bronchopulmonary , each with own tertiary bronchus

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the deoxygenated blood that enters teh pulmonary capillaries becomes _____ before it returns to the lft atrium through a series of pulm venules and veins

oxygenated

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systemic circulation of lungs consists of

tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

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approx three or four tiny __________ branch from teh anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply strux int eh bronchial tree

bronchial arteries

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increasingly larger ______ collect venous blood from these same strx and drain into the ________

bronchial veins, azygous syst of veins

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lymph nodes and vessels of the lungs are located where?

within the connective tissue of the lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura

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the lymph nodes collect _________ that were not filtered out by the ciliated epithelium of the lung

carbon, dust part and pollutants

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lymphatic drainage of right lung drains into the _________, while the lymphatic drainageof hte lefts lung drains into the ______.

right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct

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inspiration

ACTIVE process taht occurs when diaphragm contrx downward and teh ext intercost pull the ribs up and out

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_____ nerve stim diaphragm

phrenic nerve

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during teh inspiration mvmnt of the diaphragme and ribs pull the parietal pleura

out and down and the visceral pleura with the attch lung, follows (air is pulled in by neg pressure)

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expiration

PASSIVE PROCESS, caused by teh elastic recoil of teh lung tissues. This causes the ribs to move down and in and the diaph to be pulled up.

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in order to passively exhale a person has to?

stop nervous stim of the ext intercost and the diaphragm. the ELASTICITY of the lungs will then pull ribs down and in and the diaph up.

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the internal intercostals can be used for ____ exhalation

forceful (exercise, coughing/sneezing). depress the ribs and diminisht eh volume of the thoracic cavity

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pulmonary ventilation

breathing

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go over pulmonayr ventilation on p. 293 bottom

(blank)

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the lungs are innervated by?

autonomic nervous system

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the main functionof the sympathetic innervation in the lungs is?

bronchodilation

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main funct of the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is?

bronchoconstriction

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teh involuntary, rhythmic activities taht deoliver and remove resp gases are regulated in the

brainstem

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regulatory respiratory centers are located in?

medulla oblongata (rate and depth of breathing) and the pons (infl breathing rate)

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influence breathing rate

pons

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establishes teh rate and depth of breathing

medulla oblongata

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smoking and pollution can lead to

emphysema and lung canceer

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a decrease in elastic connective tissue, reduces the amoun of

gas that can be exchanted with each breath and results in a decrease int he ventilation rate

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if a person smokes regularly the lungs become darker and blacker throughtout bec of deposition of

carbon particles in the cells

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