final exam, bv, lymphatic system
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| the main arterial supply for the lower limb | external iliac artery
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| femoral artery | external iliac artery travels inferior to the inguinal ligament
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| femoral triangle | upper medial portion of thigh, where the femoral artery is papated, can be pressed oto control bleeding, obtain blood samples
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| arterial pressure point | femoral artery (hospital blood gas testing can occur here)
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| deep femomral artery | emerges from femoral artery to supply hip jnt and thigh muscles
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| blood gas analysis | in femoral artery, can put permanent catheters here
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| popliteal region | femoral artery, ....becomes into poplitieal artery, branches into anterior and posterior tibial arteries, for medial and lateral plantar artery
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| anterior tibial artery forms | dorsal pedal artery, most distal location on body to feel arterial pulse (evaluate effectiveness of a circulatory system)
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| most distal location to palpate pulse | dorsal pedal artery
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| longest vein in human body | great saphenous vein
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| samll saphenous vein drains the ____ of the crural region and empties into the ____ behind the knee | lateral side, popliteal vein
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| great saphenous vein ascends the ___ sideo fht eleg and eventually drain into the femoral vein | medial
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| can the great saphenous vein stripped out? | use as vascular graft material fro applications elsewehre in body (
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| the deep venous drainage of the leg is carried out by veing that are | opposite counterparts for the arteries that have the same name ( example- teh ant and post tibial veins drain into the pop vein behind the knee)
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| blood low in ___ is puped from the right vent into teh _____ and then into the ______, which deliver the blood to the _____ | low in oxygen, pulmonary trund, lf and righ pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries
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| in the pulmonary capillaries what occurs | carbon diox is removed and exhaled while inhaleed o2 enters intot he pulmonary capillaries, exchange of gases by DIFFUSION
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| pulmonay cap merge and form the | four pulmonary veins (2 left, and 2 right) deliver the o2 blood to lft atrium
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| princess diana died as a result of one of her | left pulmonary veins being torn and bleeding over time into her lft pulmonary cavity, she might have lived if rapid surgery could bave been performed
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| pulmonary circulation | rght hrt, pulmon art and pul veins, LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM
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| aneurysms | form near wher ethe abdominal aorta branche into the left and right common iliac arteries, more common as person ages
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| atherosclerosis | fatty plaque build up inside the walls of your arteries (within the tunics of arterial wall, eventually it erodes through the endothelium)
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| atherosclerosis is believed to be triggered by | an infecting agent, coupled with bad diet (ishcemia and thrombosis can occur)
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| the fetal circulation is different from an adult because of the blood flow to and from the | placenta
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| in an adult herat the pressure is highest on teh lft and lower on the ____, the pressure differential is opposite in _____ | right, fetal circulation
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| placenta | rooted in the mother's uterine wall, blood travels betweent eh placenta nad the dev fetus throug the umbilical cord
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| the blood in the umbilical cord is ____ | the baby's blood
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| the blood in teh mother and baby ____ | do not mix, come close
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| the vessels in the fetal circ are named accordint to their relationship to eh | fetal heart,
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| the umbilican cord normall has ____ umbilical vein and _____ umbilical arteries. | one, two
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| the umbilical vessels are surrounded by | a gelatinous substance
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| there is ___ onthe right side of the fetal heart because of _______ and because of the _______. | greater pressure,, resistance in flow to the lungs (not functional), input from teh umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava
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| you want to bypass the ___ in the fetus, because | lungs, they are nonfunctional
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| what color is the umbilical vein? | bright red, because it brings oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
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| two resons pressure on right side of hrt is greater? | greater resistance, lots of blood coming in from umbilical vein
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| oxygenated blood from placenta is carried into the fetuas via the | umbilical vein
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| umbilical vein branches into | portal sinus (hooks on to hepatic portal vein) and ductus venosus (enters into the inferior vena cava)
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| there are three vessels in the fetal circulation that are fully oxygenated, what are they | umbilical vein, portal sinu and ductus venosus
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| ductus venosus | enter into the inferior vena cava (fetal
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| portal sinus | joins the hepatic portal vein, fetus
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| when blood arrives at the right atrium in fetus there are two possibilities for blood to bypass the collapsed lungs | can travel through foramen ovale (right to lft) or it can travel into right ben, tehn pulmon trunk, then directly into the aortic arch via the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
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| ductus arteriosus | connection between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch (fetal)
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| what comes off the internal iliac artery in fetus? | umbilical artery, esccape via umbilical cord (poorly oxygenated blood in umb arteries)
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| when a baby takes its first breath what occurs? | its circulatory system changes in seconds, inflate the lungs (causing resistance in pulmonary system to go away)
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| baby's first breatht leads to | reduction in pressure in right side of heart
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| when you cut and clamped the umbilical cord you inflate the lungs there is a ? | precipitous falling of pressure in lungs
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| two things caus a sudden drop in pressure in righ side of the heart after birth? | decrease blood flow from inf vena caba after umbilical cord is clamped and easier blood flow throug ht eexpanded lungs. A consequence primumseptum slams shut.
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| patent forame ovale | perforated fossa ovalis
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| how would the integumentary system look if you had patent foramen ovale | cyanosis "blue baby"
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| how can you fix patent foramen ovale | send a catheter up a vessel and open an umbrella to seal off
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| umbilical arteries turn into | median umbilical ligaments
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| ductus spinosis and portal sinus atrophy away when? | umbilical veins are not functional
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| ductus arteriosus | gradually, wastes away eventuall and becomes the ligamentum arteriousum
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| immediate changes of a fetus | clamp and cut umbilical cord, closing of septum primum,umbilical veins and arteries
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| umbilical vein turns into | round ligament of liver or ligamentum teres
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| umbilcal arteries turn into | median umbilical ligaments
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| gradual changes of fetus when born | ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum) six weeks
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| how many vessels in umbilical stump | twoo smaller arteries, and umbilical vein
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| umbilical catheterization can be done to | umbilical vein or to the umbilical arteries of ill newborns
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| what vessel of the threes umbilical vessels would be the best for adding stuff? | umbilical vein, take blood out (umbilical artery)
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| greatest risk of umbilical catheterization | infection
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| edema | excess interstitial fluid in the tissues
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| the lymphatic system is closely interrelated anatomically and physiologically to the _____ | circulatory system
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| lymphatic system is a ____ system | one way
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| name two componenets of lymphatic system. | (blank)
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| fluid in lymphatic vessels | lymph
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| the lymphatic system transports | excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream
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| two ways to drain interstitial fluid? | lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries
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| interstitial fluid is removed by either the ____ or the _____ | blood capillaries or the lymph capillaries
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| if interstitial fluid is not removed as it should be what would that do? | excess fluid in tissues, edema
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| lacteals | tiny lyphatic capillaries
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| where are lacteals found? | intestinal villi that are located along the lenght of the small intestine
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| fluid in interstitial compartment increases | edema
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| lacteals absorb ____ along the digestive tract | fat
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| two functions of lacteals | drain insterstitail fluid and drain fat
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| a network of ____ reabsorbs this excess fluid and returns it to the venous circulation in oarder to maintain? | lymphatic vessels, blood volume levels and prevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control
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| within the capillary bed, blood presssure forces fluid fromt eh blood into the ______ around the cells | interstitial spaces
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| ____ absorb fat while ____ absorb other nutrients | lacteals, blood capillaries
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| why does the fat go into the lacteals instead of blood capillaries? | because of difference in electrical chartge
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| in lyphatic fluid what is located there? | lymphocytes
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| two types of lymphocytes in blood? | T cells and B cells
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| t cells | thymus dependent cells
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| b cells | make antiboties
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| ____ remspond to antigens | T and B cells
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| if excess interstitial fluid were not remooved what would occur to blood volume levels and body tissues? | blood volume levels drop precipitously and body tissues would swell (edema)
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| most of the interstitial fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end of the ____, but an excess of about ____ of fluid per day remains in the interstitial spaces | capillaries, 3 liters
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| lymphatic organs house | lymphocytes
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| although most nutrients are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, some larger material such as ______ are unable to enter the ____ directly from the ______. | lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, bloodstream, gastrointestinal tract
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| where do lacteals drain? | larger lymphatic vessels and eventually into the bloodstream
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| some lymphocytes circulate in the _____ most are located in the ______. | bloodstream, lymphatic structures and organs
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| some lymphatic organs assist in _______, while others serve as a site for ______ | lymphocyte maturation, lymphocyte replication (mitosis)
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| ____ generates an immune responce and increases the _____ when necessary. | lymphatic system, lymphocyte population
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| lymphatic structure contain ______ | T-lymphocytes and B- lymphocytes and macrophages
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| function of T and B cells | constantly monitoring the blood and interst fluid for foreign antigens
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| antigens | any substances perceived as abnormal to the body, bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells
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| if foreign antigens are discovered lymphatic cells initial a ____ | immune response
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| immune response | 1. B-lymph produce antibodies 2. cytotoxic T-cells attack and destroy the antigen directly. 3. other cells become b-memory and T-memory cells, that will remember past encounters, and initiate a faster more powerful immune response
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| what is the function of the antibodies produced by the b-cells? | bind to and immobilize the foreign or abnormal agent, thus damaging it or identifying it to other elements fo the immune system
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| b cells are released directly from the | bone marrow
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| ___ is a result of b cells and t cells | specific (acquired) immunity
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| where are T cells produced and released from | (blank)
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| T cells when stimulated | engage in hand to hand combat
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| when does excess interst fluid or fat from digestive system become lymph? | when it enter into the lymph capillaries
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| the lymph is transported back into the circulatory system via | lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph capillaries and lymph ducts
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| smallest vessels in the lymphatic system | lymphatic ca;illaries (remove int fluid or remove fat)
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| lymphatic capillares | closed-ended tube that are found among most blood capillary networks, EXCEPT those in the red bone marrow and cns
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| how is a lymphatic capillary similar to a blood cappillary? | its wall is an endothelium
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| what do the overlapping endothelialcells of lymph capllaries act as? | one-way flaps (when int sluid pressure rises, the margins of endothelia cells push into the lymph capillary alumen and allo INT FLUID TO ENTER)
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| how are lymphatic capi different from blood capil? | larger in diameter, lack a basement membrane and have overlapping endothelia cells (one-way flaps)
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| when pressure in lymphatic capillaries what occurs? | the cell wal lmargin pushes back into place next to the adjacent enothelial cell
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| lymphatic capillaries drain into larger | lymphatic vessels with one-way valves
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| what applies the propulsive force of nearby mvnt of lymph in lymph capi? | skeletal muscles
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| lymph nodes contain | numerous phagocytic cells that help to filter and purify lymph fluid as it flows past
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| wher eare lyjph nodes located? | key locations along lymphatic vessels
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| lymph capillaries merge to form | lymph vessels
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| what do lymph vessels resemble? | small veins, with three tunics (intima, media externa) both have one-way valves in lumen
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| what is the function of the lymphatic valves? | b/c lymphtic vessel network is a low-pressure system, valve prevent lymph from pooling in the vessela nd prevent backflow
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| fcontx of ____ also helps to move lymph throug the vessels | skeletal muscles
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| lft and right lymphatic trunks are formed from merging ___ | lymphatic vessels
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| lymphatic trunks drain into the largest vessles, called _____ | lymphatec ducts
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| lymphatic ducts empty where? | lymph back into the venous circulation
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| wher eis the right lymph duct located? | near the right clavicle and returns the lymph int oe h jncture of right subclavian vein and righ internal jugular vein
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| the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the lymphatic trunks that drain the? | right sid eof head and neck, right upper limb and right side of thorax.
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| thoracic duct | largest lymph vessel, 15-18 inches
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| what is located at the base of the thoracic duct? | (anterior to eh L2 vertebra) cisterna chyli
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| descirbe cisterna chyli | rounded, saclice structure, receives chyle
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| how does the cisterna chyli get its name? | fromteh milky lymph, called chyle (receives from small intest.)
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| the thoracic duct travels | superiorly formt he cisterna chyli and lies directly ant to the vertebral bodies, passes throug the aortic opening of hte diaphragm, ascend to the left of the vertebral body midline
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| the thoracic duct drain lymph into the? | junction of the lft subclavian vein and lft internal jugular vein
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| the thoracic cuct receives lymph from? | flt side of head and neck, lft upper limb, lft thorax, and all body regions inferior to diaphragm (inc. lower limb and right side of abdomen
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| lymphatic nodules are composed of | lymphatic cells and an extracellular connective tissue
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| lymphatic organs consist of | clusters of lymphatic cells and connective tissue and are COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY A CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX
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| lymphatic nodules are not surrounded by ____ | connective tissue
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| function of lymphatic nodules? | filter and attack antigens, individually they are small
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| if I am a globule of fat and I'm absorbed from small intestine from a lacteal, which major vein will I drain into? | thoracic duct ------ left subclavian vein
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| cancer cells spreading | metastisis
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| do you think cancer can metastisize in lymphatic system? | yes
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| in some areas of the body many lymphatic nodule group togethter to form? | mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) or to form tonsils
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| where are MALT found? | int eh mucosal ining of hte gastointestinal, respiratory a, genital and urinary tracts
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| as air, food and urine enter their respective tracts the lymphatic cells in the MALT detect? | antigens and intitiate immune response
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| where is MALG very prominent | in mucosa of small intest, primariily in ileum
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| peyer patches | collections of lymphatic nodules, become quite large and bulge into the gut lumen (small intest ilieum ???)
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| tonsils | large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
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| describe tonsils | invaginated outer edges that trap material and facilitate its identification by lymphocytes
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| groups of tonsils found in the pharynx | phryngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
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| phayngeal tonsils | adenoids
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| adenoids are located where? | posterior wall of nasopharynx
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| when pharyngeal tonsils enlarge they can do what? | reduce air flow through nasopharynx when sleeping
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| palatine tonsils are located | posterolateral of the oral cavity
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| lingual tonsils are located | along the posterior one-third of the tongue
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| lymphatic organ consists of | lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix and completely surrounded by connective tissue
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| thymus | bilobed organ, located in the anterior mediastinum behind sternum
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| thymus is large in _____, then regresses after _____ until in adulthood it becomes almost _____. | infants and young, puberty, nonfunctional
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| thymus functions as a site for? | t-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
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| T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation process occurs when? | primarily when we are young
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| once adult hoood how are differentiated t-cells produced? | cell division, not by maturationof new cells in the thymus
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| lymph nodes | small, round or oval strut
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| where are lymph nodes found? | along pathways of lymphatic vessels, in clusters that receive lymph from selected body regions
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| name lymph nodes? | axillary lymph nodes, inguinal, and cervical lymph nodes
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| axillary lymph nodes are found where? | armpit
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| axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the | berast, axill and upper limb
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| inguinal lymph are found where? | in the groin
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| inguinal lymph nodes receivve lymph from | lower limb and pelvis
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| cervical lymph nodes are located whree | in the neck
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| cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from | the head and neck
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| in addition to clusters of lymph nodes they are also found ____ throughout the body | individually
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| primary function of lymph node | is to filter antigens formlymph and intitiate an immun response when necessary
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| when a person is sick and they have strep throat the cervical lymph nodes are? | often swollen and tender to touch
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| what is swollen lymph nodes a sign of? | lymphocytes are proliferating and attempting to control the spread of infection
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| cancerous cells can metatstisize through blood and lymph and become entrapped in the ___- | lymph nodes
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| a lymph node enlarged by cancer tend to be? | firm and nontener, the cancerous cells proliferate (increase in number) and contribute to enlarged lymph nodes
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| if a person is diagnosed with cancer what is examined to see if the cancer has spread? | the lymph nodes that drain affected organ or baody region are examined (i.e- teh axillary lymph nodes are examined if breast cancer is detected).
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| cancer can also develop from the ______. | lymphatic structures themselves
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| largest lymphatic organ in the body? | spleen
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| wher eis the spleen located? | in the left upper abdominal quadrant, inferior to eh diaphragmand adjacent to ribs 9-11
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| the spleen (deep red organ) lies lateral to the left _____ and posterolateral to the _____ | kidney, stomach
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| spleen can vary considerably in? | size and weight
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| diaphragmatic surface | spleen's posterolateral aspect
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| describe the diaphragmatic surface | convex and rounded
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| visceral surface of spleen | concave anteromedial border of spleen
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| the visceral surface of spleen contains teh | hilum, where bv and nerves enter and leave the spleen
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| splenic artery | arises from celiac trunk, delivers blood to the spleen
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| splenic vein | removes blood from spleen and drains into the hepatic portal vein
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| what alway touches the hilum of the spleen | tail of pancreas (soft lobular organ often obscured by intestinal mesentery)
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| spleen in surrounded by a | dense irregular connective tissue capsule
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| as blood flows throug the spleen _________ monitor the blood for antigens na dwill elicit an ___ if they are found | T-B-lymphocytes and macrophages, immune response
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| function of spleen | 1. elicit immune response, and 2. serve as a blood reservoir (where formed elements are stored)
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| in situations where more ___ and ___ are needed such as during exercise, these erythrocytes reenter the blooodstream. (from reservoir of spleen) | erythrocytes and greater oxygen delivery
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| sever trauma to the spleen results in | massive hermorrhage (b/c contains a large amount of blood)
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| what is the function of the macrophages of the spleen? | they phagocytize bacteria and foreign debris fromt eh blood, and remove old defective erythrocytes and platelets.
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| the ____ and ____ ability to provide immunity and fight disease decreases as we get older. | thymus and lymphatic systems (meaning elderly persons are more susceptible to disease and more likely to become sicker tahn younger adults)
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| what ia one reason why the elderly tend to be more prone to developing cancers? | faltering immune system may also be less able to target and eliminate malilgnant cells
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