Planning, Methods, & Distributions
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - The entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings are to be generalized | Population
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - A subset of a population that is used to study the population as a whole | Sample
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - The individual members of the population whose characteristics are to be measured | Elements
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - A list of all elements one or other units containing the elements in a population | Sampling Frame
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - Units that contain one or more elements and that are listed in a sampling frame | Enumeration Units
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - Units listed at each stage of a multistage sampling design; you sample both | Sampling Units
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - Primary Sampling Units | schools are selected; they are the elements of the case
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| Define Sample Components & the Population - Secondary Sampling Units | Teachers; they are not the elements in the study
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| Evaluate Generalizability - Sample Generalizability | Can the findings from a sample of the population be generalized to the population from which the sample was selected?
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| Evaluate Generalizability - Cross-population generalizability | Can the findings from a study of one population be generalized to another, somewhat different population
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| Evaluate Generalizability - Sampling Error | Sample generalizability depends on sample quality; Any difference between the characteristics of a sample & the characteristics of a population; The larger the sampling error, the less representation the sample
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| Evaluate Generalizability - What are the 3 questions - sample quality when you are planning or evaluating a study? | From what population were the cases selected? What method was used to select cases from this population? Do the cases that were studied represent, in the aggregate, the population from which they were selected?
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| Evaluate Generalizability - Target Population | A set of elements larger than or different from the population sampled and to which the researcher would like to generalize study findings.
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| Assess the Diversity of the Population - Sampling is unnecessary if all the units in the population are ____________. | Identical
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| Assess the Diversity of the Population - Representative Sample | A small sample should represent a large population; in an unrepresentative sample, some characteristics are overrepresented or underrepresented
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| Consider the Census - Census | The issue of generalizability by conducting a census; studying the entire population of interest
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| Give examples of census | Employees or students in small organizations, studies comparing all 50 states, and the entire population of a particular type of organizations in some area
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| What are some reasons why using the census is not a good idea? | Too expensive, Time Consuming, Its hard to get people to complete a survey,
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| Sampling Methods - Probability Sampling Methods | Allow us to know in advance how likely it is that any element of a population will be selected; Relies on random, or chance, selection method so that the probability of selection of population elements are known.
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| Sampling Methods - Nonprobability Sampling Method | Does not let you know in advance the likelihood of selecting each element; population of each element is unknown
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| Sampling Methods - Probability of Selection | Equal chance of winning; The likelihood that an element will be selected from the population for inclusion in the sample.
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| Sampling Methods - Random Sampling | In which cases are selected only on the basis of chance, with a haphazard method of sampling; no control over the sampling method
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| Sampling Methods - What are 2 problems to make sure the sampling method | Selecting elements from an incomplete list of the total population & failing to obtain an adequate response rate
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| Sampling Methods - Non-respondents | Are likely to differ systematically from those who take the time to participate.
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| Explain the Probability Sampling Methods. | The probablity of sampling methods are those in which the probability of selection is known and is not zero (so there is some chance of selecting each element); It randomly selects elements and therefore have no systematic bias
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| Probability Sampling Methods - Systematic Bias | Over-representation/under representation of some population characteristics in a sample due to the method used to select the sample; A sample shaped by systematic sampling error is a biased sample
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| Probability Sampling Methods - Nothing but chance determines which elements are included in the sample | Systematic Bias
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| Random Sample has no ____________ bias though it does have sampling error due to chance | Systematic
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| Probability Sampling Methods - The larger the sample the more ____________we can have in the sample representation | Confidence
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| Probability Sampling Methods - The more ___________ the population, the more confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of a particular size. | Homogenous
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| Explain what is a Simple Random Sampling. | A method of sampling in which every sample element is selected only on the basis of chance, through a random process.
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| Simple Random Sampling - Random Number Table | A table containing lists of numbers that are ordered solely on the basis of chance; It is used for drawing a random sample
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| Simple Random Sampling - What is another procedure used in Random Sampling? | Random Digital Dialing
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| Simple Random Sampling - Random Digit Dialing | A machine dials random numbers within the phones prefixes corresponding to the area in which the survey is to be conducted
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| Simple Random Sampling - Replacement Sampling | A method of sampling in which sample elements are returned to the sampling frame after being selected, so they may be sampled again; Random sampling may be selected w/or w/o replacement
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| In many studies, we sample directly from the elements in the ______________ of interest | Population
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| Which sampling method is more desirable to generalize a larger population? Probability or Nonprobability? | Probability
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| The ________ the sample, the more confidence we can have in the sample's representativeness | Larger
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| The more ______________ the population, the more confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of any particular size. | Homogenous
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| The _______ of the total population that a sample contains does not affect the sample's representativeness unless that fraction is _____. | Fraction, Large
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| Each case number is written on a _____ ____, and then the cards are mixed up and the sample is selected from the cards. | Small Cards
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| Random Digit Dialing is particularly useful when a __________ _______ is not available. | Sampling Frame
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| The researcher simply replaces any inappropriate number (those that are __ ______ in _______ or that are for __________) with the next randomly generated phone number. | No longer service, Businesses
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| Simply random sampling can be done either with or without ___________ ________ | Replacement Sampling
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| Availability Sampling | Sampling in which elements are selected on the basis of convenience; available or easy to find
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| What is Availability Sampling also known as? | Haphazard, accidental, or convenience sample
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| When is the availability sample often appropriate in social research? | When a field researcher is exploring a new setting and trying to get some sense of the prevailing attitudes or when a survey researcher conducts a preliminary test of a new set of questions.
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| Quota Sampling | To overcome the most obvious flaw of availability sampling - that the sample will just consist of whoever or whatever is available, without any concern for its similarity to the population of interest
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| Represent certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population | Quota Sampling
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| Purposive Sampling | Sample element is selected for a purpose, usually because of the unique position of the sample elements
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| Those who were selected in the sample and did not respond and participate is considered as, what? | Undermined
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| ____________ research often focuses on populations that are hard to locate or very limited in size. | Qualitative
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| What is one solution to remove random sampling from sampling error? | Social researchers take into account the properties of a sampling distribution, a hypothetical distribution of a statistic across all the random samples that could be drawn from a population
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| Inferential Statistics - Estimating Sampling Error | A mathematical tool for estimating how likely it is that a statistical result based on data from a random sample is representative of the population from which the sample is assumed to have been selected.
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| Random Sampling Error (Chance sampling error) | Differences between the population and the sample that are due only to chance factors (random error), not to systematic sampling error; Random sampling error may or may not result in an unrepresentative sample
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| The magnitude of sampling error due to chance factors can be estimated statistically | Random Sampling Error (Chance Sampling Error)
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| Sample Statistic | The value of a statistic, such as a mean, computed from sample data
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| Population Parameter | Sample statistic is identical to the population parameter; The value of a statistic, such as a mean, computed using the data for the entire population;A sample statistic is an estimate of a population parameter
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| A population parameter also may be termed the ____ _____ for the statistic in that population | True Value
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| A ______ _________ is an estimate of a population parameter. | Sample statistic
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