deangelis questions

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A neutral atom that loses an electron by ionization is a

Positive ion

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The highest bonding energy of an atom is founf in the electron's __ level

first energy orbital

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An electron with a lowest binding energy is most likely located in the

M shell

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The rubbing of fur and amber or silk with glass result in electrification by a process called

Friction

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Any material which tend to oppose the flow of electrons are termed

Non-conductors & Insulators

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The transfer of same charge to an uncharged object by placing the two objets in contact with each other is

Conduction

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Electrification may occur from these 2 processes

Conduction & Friction

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In a solid conductor, current consists of a flow of moving

Electrons

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The Electostatic force between two charged objects is __ proportional to the ___ of the distance between them

Inversely, square

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The force within an electrical circuit most responsible for the movement of current is termed the:

Potential difference

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The resistance of a wire is related to its:

Length, temp, cross-sectional area

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A capacitor, condenser, & battery all:

are a device used for storage of electricity

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The amount of electrical potential, or potential defference in an electrical circuit, is measured by a unit called

Volt

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An electromagnetic device consisting of a single iron core surrounded by a wire carrying current is termed a

Electromagnet

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The production of electricity by the rotation of a coil of wire within a stationary magnetic field is

Electromagnetic induction

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In a magnet the individual magnetic domains are aliged in

single direction

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The ability of a magnetic material to resist demagnetization is

retentivity

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v= R= I=

V=IR R=V/I I=V/R

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A line voltage compensator is incorporated into the primary circuit of a modern radiographic unit to

Maintain a constant KVP level

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Meter that is used to measure the current passing between the elctrodes of an x-ray tube is the

Milliammeter-seconds meter

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T/F The filament selector is not found in the high-tension portion of a modern x-ray circuit

True

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Oil within the sealed housing of the x-ray tube is for

Cooling and electrical insulation

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This change would be associated with a higher amount of current passing through the filament of the x-ray tube

The selection of a higher mA station

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The Autotransformer and timer switch are likely found in the

primary circuit

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The high temps that are needed to produce the therionic emission in the filament of an x-ray tube require a current of about:

4-6 amps

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The current passing between the secondary of the high tension transformer and the rectifiers is best described as a type of

High voltage(kv) AC

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T/F Rectifiers & High-tension transformers are current regulating devices required in the production of the high-voltage direct current needed in the x-ray production process

True

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The main component of a line voltage compensator is a device that is capable of storing small amount of electrical charge called a

Capacitor/ condenser

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The selection of voltage to the high-tension transformer is most commonly made by adjusting the setting on the

Autotransformer

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The pre-reading kV meter is incorporated into the xray control panel to measure the potential difference on the

Secondary side of the high tension transformer

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The most common device used to create the high potential difference(kilovoltage) across the x-ray tube is the high tension

Transformer

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The reduction of voltage and development of a high amperage by a step-down transformer occurs in the

Filament portion of the circuit

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In a radiographic unit, the millammeter will register only during the activation of the

Second (exposure) stage of the exposure switch

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In a modern x-ray circuit, the rectification of high voltage alternating current into pulsating direct current occurs betwen the secondary of the high-tension transformer and the:

x-ray tube

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In a 3-phase, 6-pulse rectified unit, how many voltage peaks are produced for each cycle of incoming line voltage?

6 peaks

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T/F shorter permitted exposures, higher beam quality, & reduced scatter production are all advantages of a 3-phase power supply in xray unit

true

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The principal material that is used in the formulation of a solid state diode is

silicon

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In a 3-phase radiographic unit, if one of the rectifiers is damaged prior to a radiographic exposure

a reduced amount of optical density due to a decreased radiation output

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The process by which alternating current is converted into pulsating direct current is

rectification

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In a 3-phase, 12-pulse unit, rectification is accomplished by employing

12 solid state diodes

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With an alternating current source the electron flow will alternate

120 times a second

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A satisfactory radiograph is produced using a 3-phase, 6-pulse unit. If the same technical factors are used on a single-phase unit, the radiograph would show

less focal spot blur

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T/F A lower radiation exposure to the patient is an advantage of a high frequency generator

false

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Solid state rectifiers as compared to thermionic diode have/are

More durable more efficient, a longer life

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Solid state diode is a device most often used for

current rectification

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The accuracy of a modern electronic exposure timer of a 3-phase radiographic unit which permits exposures as low as 4 milliseconds is best evaluated using an

Oscilloscope or digital timing meter

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Which type of timer is most commonly employed with most modern 3-phase radiographic units?

Silicon controlled rectifier

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For safety reasons, the timer circuits for most modern radiographic units are located in the

Primary circuit

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The termination of the radiographic exposure during an automatic exposure controlled technique is accomplished by a device called

thyristor

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The main function of the pyrex glass that forms the protective envelop of the x-ray tube is

The containment of the vacuum within the xray tube

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The principle disadvantage of the use of a smaller focal spot during a radiographic exposure is

The limitation of the amount of mAs that can be applied to the anode

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speed of rotating anode in 3 phase

10,000 rpm

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speed of rotating anode in single phase

3000 rpm

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Tungsten is the principal material used in the formation of the

surface of the target rotating anode, stationay anode, & wire used in the helix of the xray tube filament

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The amount of space charge created at the cathode is primarily contolled by the

impresses amperage

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In a stationary anode tube, the target is imbedded in an anode made of

copper

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The unit of power, the watt, is derived from the product of

amperage X voltage

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The first modern radiographic tube having a heated filament was originally developed in the early 1900's by

william coolidge

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If the angle on a xray tube anode is decreased from 12 degrees to 7 degrees it will result in a decrease in

size of the focal spot, loading capacity of the tube, field coverage

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What is the proper sequence of materials traversed by the xray beam after leaving the anode of the xray tube

Pyrex glass, oil, aluminum

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Angle of the anode and size of the filament will effect the size of the

focal spot

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As mA increases, blooming of the focal tract results in a

increase in the size of the effective focal spot

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The material that is often added to a rotating anode disk to reduce surface defects and cracks is called

Rhenium

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The discovery of xrays was made by wilhelm roentgen in 1895 while experimenting with a partially evacuated glass tube called an

crooke's tube

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The durability and efficiency of the tungsten filament is often improved by the addition of the metal

thorium

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The anode of a modern rotating anode tube is generally composed of a combination of tungsten and:

Rhenium & Molybdenum

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The collective repulsion of the electron cloud around the cathode that creates an equilibrium with the rate of electron emission by the filament is termed the:

Space charge effect

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The steepness of the anode angle will effect the amount of the:

Anode heel effect, field coverage

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The general formula that is used to determine the anode heat units created with a fully rectified xray tube is:

HU= mA x kV x time

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The formation of the space charge in the filament of the xray tube is accomplished during the __ of the normal exposure cycle

Prep or boost

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T/F The use of a long prep time will help to properly warm up the anode of a modern rotating anode

False

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The maximum heat storage capacity of the anode of a radiographic tube is related to the:

Diameter of the anode disk, design of the thermal envelope, rotational speed of the anode disk

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The instantaneous loading capacity rating of the anode is primarily effected by the:

Area of the focal tract

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A failure to obtain a ready light prior to a radiographic exposure may indicate:

The xray tube is not located at the correct distance from the image receptor

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Surface irregularities on the face of the anode (pitting) are most often associated with a/an

Reduction in the radiation output during the exposure

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A __ device can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the timer of a 3-phase radiographic unit

Oscilloscope or digital timing meter

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A synchronous spin top tester can be used in a quality control program to determine the:

Accuracy of the timing devices in a single-phase rectified system

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The common indication of a gassy xray tube is __ during the exposure

flucuations in mA readings

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The life of the filament can be dramatically increased by employing

Lower mA settings

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Nearly all causes of tube failure are related to the __ of the xray tube

Thermal characteristics of the xray tube

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The induction motor of a rotating anode is damaged and stops before a series of multiple exposures is made. This will most likely result in

Pitting of the anode

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The frequency (hertz) of an electromagnetic wave is best defined as the:

Number of oscillations or cycles per second

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The energy of an electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the:

Frequency of the radiation

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Gamma, x-rays, and ultraviolet rays are members of the ____.

electromagnetic radiation

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Alpha rays are not part of the electromagnetic radiation. T/F

True

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If the frequency of an electromagnetic photon is increased by a factor of 4, the wavelength will:

Decrease 4 times

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The principal unit used to measure the energy of a photon is the:

Electron volt

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During the x-ray production process the photons are created at a broad spectrum of energies. The term that best describes this type of emission spectrum is:

Heterogeneous

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In the diagnostic range, the majority of the x-ray photons produced during the x-ray production process are termed:

Bremsstrahlung radiation

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The amount of filtration and the kilovoltage peak used with a heterogeneous beam are the two main factors that will effect the:

Penetrability and the beam quality

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The energy of the photons produced during the bremsstrahlung process are dependent upon the:

Energy of the projectile electrons, Atomic # of the target material, The distance between electron and the nucleus

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The penetrability of an x-ray photon is not effected by

Mass of the photon

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T/F The atomic # of the material in the target of the x-ray tube will have a significant effect on the energies produced during characteristic x-ray production proess

True

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The frequency of a diagnostic x-ray photon is directly proportional to

the quality of the beam, The penetrability of the beam, The ionization potential of the beam

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The efficiency of x-ray production can be calculated with the formula

E= K x Z x KVP

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The majority of x-rays produced in an x-ray tube are the result of

A rapid deceleration of the projectile electrons as they pass through the target material

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During a normal radiographic exposure using 100 KVp, bremsstrahlung radiation account for about

75% of the beam

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In the diagnostic energy region, approximately what % of electron stream energy is converted into x-rays?

.2%

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The loss of energy by a projectile electron as it passes by a tungsten nucleus in the anode results in a photon being produced by an event termed?

Bremsstrahlung radiation

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When the stream of fast- moving electrons interacts with the target of the anode, x-rays are generated by two different processes called:

Leakage and scattered radiation

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