chapters 1-7
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| Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Hubbard children is | 8
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| Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between -?- | causes and effects
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| Animal protection organizations are more likely to support the use of animals in research involving -?- than in research involving -?-. | naturalistic observation; experimentation
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| Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of -?- | reactions to sensory stimulation
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| Which of the following scientific procedures is most useful for helping researchers avoid false generalizations? | random sampling
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| In an effort to rpevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes | deceive participants about the purpose of an experiment.
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| Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that | the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.
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| In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process? | experimentation
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| In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the -?- variable. | independent
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| While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sophia scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, Sophia's strategy best reflects | active processing of the material.
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| In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n) -?-. | operational definition
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| Participants in an experiment are said to be "blind" if they are uninformed about | which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.
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| The mental health specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) -?- | psychiatrist
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| A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates | critical thinking
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| Descartes' theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following? | brain fluid and "animal spirits"
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| Correlational research is most useful for purposes of -?-. | prediction
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| In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has carefully investigated the client's current life situation and his physical, social, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed? | the case study
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| In an experimental study, men with symptoms of impotence received either Viagra or a placebo. Those who received Viagra participated in the -?- condition. | experimental
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| Whoh would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior?" | John B. Watson
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| If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +.85, this would indicate that | better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students.
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| Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? | biological
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| To infer accurately cause and effect, experimenters should use | random assignment.
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| Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Zapotoczna treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Zapotoczna is most likely a(n) -?- psychologist. | clinical
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| Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? | -.12
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| Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates? | The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.
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| Which philosopher was the first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences? | Aristotle
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| If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are -?-. | negatively correlated
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| Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demontrate the impact of -?-. | the hindsight bias
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| Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior? | Sigmund Freud
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| Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of -?-. | healthy growth potential
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| Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him? | laboratory research
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| Marco believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the -?- perspective. | evolutionary
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| In order to study the effects of loud noise on worker productivity, Dr. Maya had one group of research participants work in a noisy room and a second group with in a quiet room. Those who worked in the quiet room were exposed to the -?- condition. | control
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| Professor Moreno attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the -?- approach | biopsychosocial
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| Mr. Bullock uses his knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. Mr. Bullock is most likely a(n) -?- psychologist. | human factors
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| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the -?-. | mode
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| Illusory correlation refers to | the perception of a relationship between two variables that does NOT actually exist.
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| For Plato, people in a state of conjecture mistake images for reality. ("What you see may not be real.") This way of thinking weakens which of the characteristics of a science? | empirical evidence
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| If those who watch a lot of TV violence are also particularly likely to behave aggressively, this would not necessarily indicate that watching TV violence influences aggressive behavior because | correlation does not prove causation.
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| In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and rport their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following? | introspection
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| In the control condition of an experiment the | experimental treatments is absent.
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| To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of -?-. | the double-blind procedure
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| Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of -?- | wording effects
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| An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a -?-. | placebo
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| Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior? | cognitive neuroscience
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| Dr. Villagomez develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Villagomez's work best represent? | industrial-organizational psychology
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| The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it | may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
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| The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how | people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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| Which brain region influences the endocrine system? | hypothalamus
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| Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in | movement of the mouth and lips.
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| The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as -?-. | behavior genetics
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| Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that | conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.
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| Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into -?-. | the bloodstream
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| Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan? | EEG
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| Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the -?-. | corpus callosum
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| Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia? | Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
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| Molecular behavior geneticists seek links between -?- and specific disorders. | genes
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| French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the | right hemisphere of her brain was damaged.
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| Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of -?-. | natural selection
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| Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knob-like terminals at the end of the -?- | axon
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| What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan? | MRI scans show structural details of the brain; fMRI scans show structure and activity levels.
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| Identical twins originate from the fertilization of -?-. | a single egg cell by a single sperm cell
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| The function of dendrites is to | receive incoming signals from other neurons.
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| Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories? | hippocampus
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| For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, -?- must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system. | sensory neurons
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| Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that | genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get.
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| The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) -?-. | MRI
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| Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep? | As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases.
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| At 3 o'clock in the morning, Greg has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of -?-. | REM sleep
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| Researchers Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the -?-. | hypothalamus
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| Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? | thalamus
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| The surgical removal of a large tumor from Homer's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Homer is most likely to suffer from some loss of | visual perception
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| Professor Centeno conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system nd sexual mtivation. The professor's research interests best represent the psychological specialty known as -?-. | biological psychology
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| For you to be able to run, -?- must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. | motor neurons
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| Which of the following is evidence for culural influences on sleep patterns? | People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.
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| Researchers found that women rated men higher as potential long-term mates when they spent more time looking at baby pictures. This finding suggests that | women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring
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| When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, Nature refers to -?- and Nurture refers to -?-. | biology; environment
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| Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech? | positron emission tomography (PET)
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| Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of -?-. | biological rhythms
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| Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as -?-. | endorphins
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| The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered -?-. | agonists
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| The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a degeneration of the -?-. | myelin sheath
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| Research on left-handedness suggests that | genes or prenatal factors play a role handedness.
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| Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that men are -?- likely than women to prefer mates with fertile-looking appearance and -?- likely than women to prefer mates with wealth and social status. | more; less
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| The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of -?- sleep. | Stage 1
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| Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the -?-. | synaptic gap
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| If Mr. van Over accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release -?- into your bloodstream. | epinephrine
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| How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods? | Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection.
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| Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called -?-. | hallucinations
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| Adopted children re more likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion, more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This finding suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by -?-. | genes than by the home environment
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| REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because | our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
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| Vicki prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the -?-. | circadian rhythm
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| Mr. Van Over insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably | would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.
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| By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates -?-. | neural prosthetics
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| While you are hking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away? | sympathetic nervous system
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| Heritability refers to the extent to which -?-. | trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations
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| Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production? | left frontal lobe
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| The home environment most clearly has a greater influnce on children's -?- than on their -?-. | religious beliefs; personality traits
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| Although the panda above is not complete, enough is present for the eye to complete the shape. When the viewer's perception completes a shape, -?- occurs. | closure
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| The ability simultaneously to recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile est illustrates | parallel processing
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| As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells pocess and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates -?-. | perception
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| You typically fail consciously to perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates -?-. | selective attention
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| Complete sensation in the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by -?-. | prosopagnosia
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| The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called -?-. | proximity
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| Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds? | signal detection theory
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| The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called -?-. | rods and cones
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| Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? | Gestalt psychologists
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| The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the -?- of light. | brightness
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| A gestalt is best described as a(n) -?-. | organized whole
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| Lightness constancy refers to the fact that | objects are perceived to have consistent lightness even if the amount of light they reflect changes.
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| Eddie's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Elvis's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Elvis's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Eddie's bag feel heavier. This bes illustrates -?-. | Weber's law
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| Why is transduction important to sensation? | It converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages.
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| Human born blind or kittens raised under restricted conditions do not have the cortical regions needed to inerpret visual stimuli. Sensory restriction does not appear to do damage if it occurs later in life. this suggests that | a critical period exists for normal perceptual development.
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| Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of -?-. | top-down processing
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| Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance? | retinal disparity
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| Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to | a perceptual set.
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| The Renaissance artist Fillipo Brunelleschi used the convergence of vertical parallel lines on a single point to provide depth in his painting The Last Supper. This monocular cue is known as -?-. | linear perspective
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| If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably | vanish from sight.
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| Color constancy refers to the fact that | objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes.
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| Imagine your friend walking toward you in the hallway at school. As your friend gets closer, the image cast on your retina | gets larger.
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| What is the purpose of the eardrum? | To transmit sound from the air to the bones of the middle ear.
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| According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing | activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord.
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| Sensory adaptation refers to | diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
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| Accommodation refers to the | process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
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| Opponent-process cells have been located in the -?-. | thalamus
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| After watching a scary television movie, Zuly perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of -?-. | perceptual set
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| If we see two of the same object, but one of them appears to be dimmer, we will interpret the dimmer object as farther away. What is this monocular cue for depth called? | light and shadow
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| Frequency theory best explains -?-, while place theory best explains -?-. | how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds
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| Feature detectors | are nerve cells in the brain' visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles.
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| Although textbooks frequently cast a trapedzoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of -?-. | shape constancy
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| Standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. This best illustrates -?-. | the absolute threshold
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| The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of -?-. | transduction
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| Rebecca was born with cataracts that were not surgically removed until she was 3 years old. As a result, Rebecca is most likely to | have inadequate neural connections in her visual cortex.
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| Mrs. Simpson, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates -?-. | blindsight
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| When two adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession, we perceive a single light moving back and forth between them. this is called -?-. | the phi phenomenon
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| As your teacher dims the lights to show a movie clip, you still perceive your friend's shirt as red. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? | color constancy
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| A floating sea vessel is to the ocean water as -?- is to -?-. | figure; ground
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| As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates -?-. | sensation
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| The cocktail party effect is your ability selectively to attend to one voice among many. This ability also illustrates the Gestalt principle of -?-. | figure and ground
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| Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Robert was still able to play tennis as well as he ever could. This best illustrates the value of -?-. | perceptual adaptation
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| Which factor appears to be important for the development of depth perception in infancy? | crawling experience
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| Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Michael kept texting on his smart phone with a friend. As a result he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Michael most clearly suffered -?-. | inattentional blindness
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| Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that | unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.
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| Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the -?- theory. | Yong-Helmholtz
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| Of two identical horizontal bars in the Ponzo illusion, the bar that is -?- in the visual field appears to be -?- because it appears to be farther away. | higher; longer
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| The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between | perceived ditance and perceived size.
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| Almost half the birds in the yard were brown cardinals, and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Emil perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the principle of -?-. | similarity
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| What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? | Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.
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| Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because | so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
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| Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a -?- reinforcement schedule. | fixed-ratio
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| An executive works with door closed. every hour he opens the door. employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. their work pattern is reinforced on a -?- schedule. | fixed-interval
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| Extinction occurs when a -?- is no longer paired with a -?-. | CS; US
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| Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods." | John B. Watson
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| The law of effect refers to the tendency to | repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
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| Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend, but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of -?-. | discrimination
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| Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of -?- in operant conditioning. | cognitive processes
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| Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Emil found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. however, when he was recently confrnted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates -?-. | spontaneous recovery
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| Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who | modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.
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| B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's -?-. | personal freedom
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| Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? | spontaneous recovery
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| In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? | operant conditioning
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| Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that | viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave agressively.
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| Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of -?-. | observational learning
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| Four-year-old Zune asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research sugguests that Zune will | continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
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| For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented | shortly before the US.
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| Camille loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine -?-. | intrinsic motivation
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| In classical conditioning, the -?- signals the impending occurrence of the -?-. | CS; US
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| Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying -?-. | operant conditioning
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| What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment? | insight learning
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| An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally for climbing on the ball. The trainer used the method of -?- | successive approximations
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| Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called -?-. | cognitive maps
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| Every Saturday morning, Ryan quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) -?-. | positive reinforcer
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| Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the -?- | frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex
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| A Skinner box is a(n) | chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
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| A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction? | habituation
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| In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" could be the -?-. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) -?-. | discriminative stimulus; operant behavior
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| Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning? | a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark
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| After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug.This shows the importance of -?- in classical conditioning. | cognitive processes
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| Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for -?-. | observational learning
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| Little Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of -?-. | operant conditioning
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| Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking them up the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates -?-. | instinctive drift
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| Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears | may be produced through classical conditioning.
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| Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by -?-. | biological predispositions
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| Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? | whether we see the people as similar to us
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| The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called -?-. | shaping
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| Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a -?-. | negative punishment
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| Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to -?-. | modeling
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| If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates -?-. | associative learning
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| Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one things and does another will | talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.
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| Which of the following factors most i nfluences whether we will imitate a model? | whether the model is rewarded or punished
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| A child who is punished for swearing at home, but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of -?-. | discrimination
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| As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by -?-. | classical conditioning
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| Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with -?-. | novel tastes
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| Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called -?-. | acquisition
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| Elvis wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of -?-. | modeling
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| Which of the following describes a major contribution of John B. Watson to the study of learning? | He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning.
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| Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote -?-. | survival
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| Brainstorming sessions that encourage people spontaneously to suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid -?-. | fixations
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| When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Jennifer understood that the word arms referred to weapons and not to body parts. Jennifer's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of -?-. | semantics
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| Your ability immediately to recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of -?-. | acoustic encoding
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| "The magical number of seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of -?- memory. | short-term
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| Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of -?-. | encoding
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| Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates | overconfidence.
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| In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of -?-. | prototypes
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| Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the | availability heuristic.
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| A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the -?- of the English language. | syntax
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| Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates -?- memory. | implicit
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| Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that | the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.
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| We are more likely to remember the words typewriter, cigarette, and fire than the words void, process, and inherent. This best illustrates the value of -?-. | imagery
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| Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored? | Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus.
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| Eunice's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates -?-. | rosy retrospection
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| Every day as she walks to school, Jovita passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? | Jovita has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into lon-term memory
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| It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children | generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before.
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| In the words lightly, neatly, and shortly, the -ly ending is a(n) | morpheme.
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| A mental set is a | tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past.
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| The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called -?-. | semantic encoding
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| Telegraphic speech is | a grammatically correct two-word sentence.
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| An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? | recognition
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| Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates -?-. | mood-congruent memory
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| The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) -?-. | memory trace
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| The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given th following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of -?-. | semantic encoding
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| Christmas is to holiday as -?- is to -?-. | prototype; category
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| Language refers to the | spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combinted to communicate meaning.
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| The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful -?-. | retrieval cue
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| Retroactive interference involves the disruption of -?-. | memory retrieval
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| In one experiment, Wolfgang Kohler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Kohler conclude the ape used in problem solving? | insight
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| In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Jessica could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Jessica is relying on -?-. | heuristics
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| As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Uzair was thinking about competing in the school talent show later that afternoon. Where are Uzair's current thoughts being processed? | working memory
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| The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates -?-. | insight
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| An algorithm is a | methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
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| Memory is best defined as | the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
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| Ismael's car would not start. To find the problem he decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Ismael's strategy best demonstrates -?-. | an algorithm
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| Rephrasing text materia in your on words is an effective way of facilitating -?-. | semantic encoding
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| The components of creativity include | expertise and a venturesome personality.
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| Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as -?- is to -?-. | meaning; imagery
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| The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different -?-. | phonemes
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| The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between | explicit memory and implicit memory.
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| Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates -?-. | convergent thinking
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| Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn | language acquisition device.
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| Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that | LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.
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| Professor Finedore's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? | cognitive psychology
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| The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to | match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.
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| When first introduced to someone, Fredy effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Fredy makes use of a strategy called -?-. | rehearsal
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| After two minutes of exposure to an unbroken monotone string of nonsense syllables, 8-month-old infants could recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly. This best illustrates the importance of -?- in language development. | statistical learning
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| When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? | recall
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| Ryan did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates -?-. | trial and error
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| Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Ms. Crabapple, a fourth-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Ms. Crabapple's surveillance strategy best illustrates -?-. | confirmation bias
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Camelionlemx