chemistry///
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| are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes
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| The mass number of an atom is a | sum of the protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus.
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| The atomic mass of an element is | the average of all the existing isotopes for that element.
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| If you change the number of electrons . . . an ____ is formed | an ion is formed.
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| – atom with a charge | Ion
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| two types of ions | anions & cations
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| Negatively Charged Ions - formed by gaining electrons - the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself is its electron affinity | anions
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| Positively Charged Ions - formed by losing electrons - process of removing electrons from an atom is called ionization - the energy it takes to remove the electron is the ionization energy | cations
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| occurs when atoms gain and lose electrons to form ions. Once ions are formed, a positive ion and negative ion attraction forms and creates a chemical bond. | Ionic Bonding
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| occurs when atoms share electrons to fill their outer energy levels – Usually occurs between atoms with high ionization energies and atoms with high electron affinities. | Covalent bonding
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| More than one pair of electrons can be shared. 1 pair = single bond 2 pairs = double bond 3 pairs = triple bond | covalent bonding
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| When atoms do not share electron pairs equally, a polar covalent bond results. | Polar Covalent Bonding
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| These molecules will have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. | polar covalent bonding
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| • Red Spheres – Hydrogen atoms – Positive charge • Blue Spheres – Oxygen atoms – Negative charge | Hydrogen Bonding
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| A pure substance that is made of more than one element is called a compound. | compounds
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| can be broken down into simpler substances | Compounds
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| is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the properties of that compound. | A molecule
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| gain of electrons | anions
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| loss of electrons | cations
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| • Produce hydrogen ions in solution (Acids usually begin with a hydrogen, HCl, HNO3) – H+ is attracted to water to form H3O+ (hydronium ions) – Make good electrolytes because of the hydrogen ions (conduct electricity) | Acids
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| • Produce hydrogen ions in solution (Acids usually begin with a hydrogen, HCl, HNO3) – H+ is attracted to water to form H3O+ (hydronium ions) – Make good electrolytes because of the hydrogen ions (conduct electricity) | Acids
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| • Sour in taste • Litmus paper (indicator paper) turns red • React with metals to form hydrogen gas and a metal compound • Corrosive • Can be described as a proton donor | acids
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| Produce hydroxide ions in solution – OH- is produced – Strong bases make good electrolytes because of the hydroxide ions (conduct electricity) – Weak bases do not make good electrolytes | bases
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| Bitter in taste • Slippery to touch • Litmus paper (indicator paper) turns blue • Corrosive & Sometimes Poisonous • The process of making soaps is called saponification • Can be described as a proton acceptor | bases
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| is a measure of the amount of hydrogen ion in solution | pH scale
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| 0-7 is | Acidic
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| 7 is | Neutral
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| 7-14 is | Basic
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| • compounds containing large amounts of carbon | Organic Compounds
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| carbon forms 4 covalent bonds forming chains, rings and other structures | organic compounds info
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| 4 macromolecules unique to living things: | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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| - the making of proteins and large carbohydrates by removing water from two smaller molecules | Dehydration synthesis
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| - “water splitting” | Hydrolysis reactions
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| •Contain C, H, and O in a 2 H : 1 O ratio • Have a low structural use and are classified by size and solubility Types • Monosaccharide- simple sugars of 3 to 7 carbon atoms – Ex: glucose, fructose | Carbohydrates
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| • Disaccaharide- 2 simple sugars –Ex: sucrose, lactose | Carbohydrates
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| • Polysaccharide- many simple sugars –Starch- storage carb formed by plants –Glycogen- storage carb formed by animals • source of cellular fuel • excess carbs are stored as glycogen or fat | Carbohydrates
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| • Lipids- a macromolecule that contains C, H and O • non-polar substances, so they are insoluble in water • complex lipids may contain phosphorus • Ex: phospholipids, steroids, neutral fats | Lipids
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| – single covalent bonds between carbon atoms | saturated fats
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| – double bonds between atoms | unsaturated fats
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| is accomplished by attaching 3 fatty acids to a single glycerol molecule = triglycerides | fat synthesis
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| • modified triglycerides with a phosphorus containing group and 2 fatty acid chains – fatty acid chains are non-polar = water hating – phosphorus containing part is polar = water loving | Phospholipids
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| • flat molecule made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings • cholesterol – needed for cell membranes and raw material of vitamin D, steroids and bile salts | Steroids
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| made of nucleotides with C, H, O, N & P – 3 parts of a nucleotide • a phosphate group • a pentose sugar • a nitrogen containing base | Nucleic Acids
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| • a nitrogen containing base – adenine (A)- purine, lg. 2 ring base – guanine (G)- purine, lg. 2 ring base – cytosine (C)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring – thymine (T)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring – uracil (U)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring | nucleic acids info
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| 2 nucleic acid types | dna and rna
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| - deoxyribonucleic acid- nucleus, contains T, info for living things, contains deoxyribose sugar, double stranded | dna
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| - ribonucleic acid- cytoplasm, contains U, protein synthesis, contains ribose sugar, single stranded, 3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | rna
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| nucleotides are held together by ??? –A–T (inRNA A–U) –G–C | hydrogen bonds
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| • macromolecules made of linked amino acids (AA) • basic structural material of the body | Proteins
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| • enzymes- proteins that act as catalysts • most varied functions of any molecule in the body • the structure of a protein determines its biological function • classified as fibrous or globular | proteins
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| • there are 20 AA • 2 functional groups: amine group (-NH2) and organic acid group (-COOH) • can act as a base or acid • AA are combined by peptide bonds • <50 AA linked together = polypeptide | Amino Acids
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| protein structures | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
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| - the linear AA sequence | primary structure
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| secondary structure- 2 types | a helix and B pleated sheats
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| - coils like a telephone cord | – α helix
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| - ribbon like structure hydrogen bonds stabilize the proteins | β pleated sheets
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| α helix or β pleated regions of the chain fold upon one another to produce ball-like molecules | tertiary structure-
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| - 2 or more chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein | quaternary structure
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| • extended and strandlike; most exhibit only secondary structure, but some have quaternary structure • insoluble in water • stable- provide mechanical support and tensile strength to body tissues • Ex: collagen, keratin, elastin | Fibrous or Structural Proteins
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| • compact, spherical proteins with tertiary structure and some have quaternary structure • water soluble • chemically active • Ex: antibodies, enzymes | Globular or Functional Proteins
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| •proteins that act as biological catalysts •enzymes are chemically specific | Enzymes
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| •enzymes determine if reactions will occur •enzymes have the suffix –ase and are named for the reaction they catalyze | enzymes
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| •functional proteins are called holoenzyme- made of 2 parts: apoenzyme (protein portion) and a cofactor (ion or metal). If a cofactor is derived from vitamins is called a coenzyme. | enzymes info
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