General Terms for AP Language Vocab Quiz at PRHS
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| Logos | An appeal based on logic or reason.
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| Pathos | An appeal based on emotion.
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| Ethos | An appeal based on the character or qualifications of the speaker
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| Satire | A work that uses ridicule, humor, and wit to criticize and provoke change in human nature and institutions
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| Rhetoric | The art of ethical persuasion
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| Tone | The author's implicit attitude toward the reader of the people, places, and events in a work revealed by elements of style
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| Irony of Situation | Where there is an incongruity between expectations and the actual events
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| Verbal Irony | A figure of speech incongruous to its meaning
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| Connotation | Associations and implications that go beyond the literal meaning of a word
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| Euphemism | The substitution of a mild or less negative word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one
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| Understatement | The opposite of hyperbole
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| Pun | A play on words
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| Hyperbole | Boldly exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
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| Colloquialism | A word, phrase, or form of pronunciation that is acceptable in casual conversation but not in formal, written communication
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| Imagery | A concrete representation of an object or sensory experience
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| Paradox | A statement that appears illogical or contradictory at first, but may actually point to an underlying truth
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| Non Sequitur | A support for an argument that doesn't connect logically to the actual claim (car commercial with girl and waterfall)
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| Anecdote | A brief narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident; in rhetoric used to illustrate a point
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| Alliteration | Repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words
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| Metaphor | A figure of speech that expresses an idea through the image of another object; doesn't use "like" or "as"
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| Personification | A figure of speech that gives human qualities to abstract ideas, animals, and inanimate objects
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| Synechdoche | A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole (wheels for car or threads for clothes)
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| Simile | Comparison using "like" or "as" to compare dissimilar things
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| Apostrophe | A comment, question, or request addressed to an inanimate object or concept to a nonexistent or absent person
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| Allegory | A narrative technique where characters represent abstract ideas or things, and are used to teach a lesson or convey a message (Animal Farm)
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| Allusion | An indirect reference to a familiar literary or historical person or event
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| Loose Sentence | Sentence in which the main idea comes first ("Old habits persist, even where people want better relations")
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| Periodic Sentence | Sentence where the main idea appears last ("Even where people want better relations, old habits persist")
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| Inversion | Yoda-style ("Long is the way back to my car")
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| Rhetorical Question | Question meant to inspire thought rather than an answer ("Why do old habits and reflexes persist?")
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| Anaphora | Repetition of beginning words or phrases
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| Epistrophe | Repetition of concluding words or phrases
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| Asyndeton | Omission of conjunctions where they would customarily appear ("We use words like honor, code, loyalty")
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| Polysyndeton | Inclusion of conunctions where they would not customarily appear ("the vitality and the force and the hope and the determination of the city of West Berlin")
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| Parallel Structure | Similarity of syntactic structure in successive words or phrases
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| Antithesis | Deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting ideas
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| Straw Man | Refuting a caricatured argument or extreme version of somebody's argument, rather than the actual argument they've made
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| Post Hoc | Assuming that A caused B just because A occurred before B
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| Either-Or | Assuming there are only two alternatives when there are in fact more
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| Circular Reasoning | I'm hot 'cause I'm fly, you ain't 'cause you're not
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| Overgeneralization | Drawing a broad conclusion from a small number of perhaps unrepresentative cases
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| False Analogy | A fallacy comparing things that resemble each other but are not alike in the most important respects ("Putting native americans on reservations is like sentencing them to death row")
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