Agriculture

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agriculture

raising of animals or the growing of crops to obtain food for primary consumption by the farm family or for sale off the farm

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First Agricultural Revolution

allowed humans to become more sedentary and avail themselves of a more reliable source of food. change from hunting and gathering to planting crops

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Second Agricultural Revolution

1750-1900 used technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products

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Third Agricultural Revolution or The Green Revolution

corresponded with the exponential population growth in world, it involves the use of biotechnology or genetic engineering

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continentality

area's temperature is affected by it location relative to the nearest large body of water (the further from a large body of water, the more extreme the climate of an area)

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Carl Sauer

professor of geography at Berkeley opposed to environmental determinism started field of cultural ecology mapped out agricultural origins of vegetative planting and seed agriculture

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vegetative planting

removing part of a plant and putting in the ground to grow a new plant

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seed agriculture

taking seeds from existing plants and planting them to produce new plants - majority of farming today

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3 Areas of World Believed Agriculture Developed

Central America and NW South America Western Africa Southeast Asia all in tropical climes relatively large populations to provide a workforce to domesticate plants and animals

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Central America and NW South America

first major hearth of vegetative planting Aztecs, Mayans, Incas manioc, sweet potato, arrowroot turkey, llama and alpacas domesticated diffused northward into US and Canada areas and southward to tip of Patagonia

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Western Africa

second major hearth of vegetative planting yams and palm oil domesticated cattle, sheep and goats diffused into Europe then brought to North America

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Southeast Asia

third major hearth of vegetative planting root crops like taro, banana and palm trees domesticated dogs, pigs and chickens

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Hearths of Seed Agriculture

Southern Mexico Northeastern Africa Northern China Northeastern India

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Southern Mexico

first major area of seed agriculture squash, beans, and cotton diffused into United States, rest of Central America and South America over time *once Europe learned the importance of cotton the slave trade was fueled for labor

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Northeastern Africa

2nd major hearth of seed agriculture around present day Ethiopia coffee diffused to Western Africa then South America

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Northern China

3rd major hearth of seed agriculture millet

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Northeastern India

Possibly rice wheat

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Importance of Trade Routes

helped diffuse the agricultural products we use today colonialism brought many of these products to West led to different farming styles based on climate which dictates what can be grown where

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Types of Subsistence Farming

shifting cultivation crop rotation pastoral nomadism intensive subsistence agriculture intertillage

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subsistence farming

producing the food needed to survive on a daily basis

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Shifting Cultivation

moving fields after several years to more productive soil original field's soil depleted usually tropical areas with porous and shallow yet fertile soil puts rain forests and other native ecosystems at risk

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slash-and-burn

land is cleared to cultivate by burning (puts nitrogen in soil can take decades to recover)

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crop rotation

planting of different types of crops each year to replenish the soil with nutrients

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pastoral nomadism

moving animals on a seasonal basis usually arid climates and lack of precipitation camels, sheep and goats

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intensive subsistence agriculture

intense style of subsistence farming wet rice is the number-one crop very time consuming and labor intensive - must be tended daily Southeast Asia and Afric

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intertillage

clearing of rows in the field through use of hoes, rakes and other manual equipment machinery is too expensive

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Types of Commercial Farming

mediterranean agriculture dairy farming mixed livestock with crop rotation livestock ranching specialized fruit production plantation agriculture truck farms suitcase farms grain farming

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commercial farming

farming of products for sale off the farm usually in developed countries and with machinery done in US and Europe mass production of specialty crops

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mediterranean agriculture

practiced in climate with dry summer and cool, moist winter grapes, dates and olives California, southern Austalia

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dairy farming

must be done close to market highly mechanized California (milk), Wisconsin (cheese), New England through Great Lakes, Midwest, northern Europe including Great Britain

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Mixed Livestock with Crop Rotation

cows, grown for meat and other products are fed with crops grown on same farm corn and soybeans fattened before sold by pounds hogs Midwest around Iowa east into Carolinas and Arkansas, Manchurian region of china

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livestock ranching

done of fringes of productive land huge area of land needed western US, west of Great Plains east of Cali, southern Brazil into Argentina, Austalia some of Asia

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specialized fruit production

southwestern and southeastern US and Atlantic coast some in Arizona (irrigated), southern South America and small portions of Eastern Europe warm and humid climate

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plantation agriculture

occurs in less developed countries usually produce one crop bananas, sugarcane, coffee, cotton originally set up by colonial govts. to send to home country interactions between core countries and periphery counties

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core countries

rely on periphery countries for raw materials and agricultural products ex. much of Europe relies on Africa for citrus during winter

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truck farms

key aspect of fruit farming farmers produce fruits for market highly mechanized use migrant workers

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suitcase farms

farms on which no one resides permanently migrant workers leave at end of day

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agribusiness

increased mechanization of the farming process to increase productivity and profits

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grain farming

mass planting and harvesting of grain crops wheat, barley, millet often in drier climates Great Plains, Ukraine, some South America and Australia

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staple grains

wheat, barley, millet large percentage of world population depends on for survival

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Von Thunen's Model of Agricultural Land Use

certain crops are grown in direct relation to their distance from market specific agricultural markets and only applies to commercial agriculture assumes all costs are equaled out

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market-gardening activities

first zone in Von Thunen's Model include heavy, bulky products that will spoil quickly such as melons and veggies costly to transport

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dairy farming

2nd zone in Von Thunen's must be kept cool in transport and are heavy

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livestock fattening

3rd zone in Von Thunen's deliberate adding weight to animals to increase sale price often use feedlots ( farms that specialize in cattle or hogs - downfall is runoff of waste and contamination of ground water, and smell)

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commercial grain farming

4th zone in Von Thunen's wheat, corn, millet other grains expensive machinery like combines which do work quickly food chaing

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food chain

for grain products: grain hauled to producer, who makes a product sold to a wholeseller who sells to grocery story who sells to consumer

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livestock ranching

5th zone in Von Thunen's uses most land per farm of any zones roam freely,may use gps

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nonagricultural land use

6th zone in Von Thunen's distance to market is not profitable

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Assumptions of Von Thunen's model

all land has same soil quality farmers have = access to transportation land areas must be physically similar equal climate and political structure

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5 types of Economic Activities

primary economic activities secondary economic activities tertiary economic activities quaternary activities quinary activities

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Primary Economic Activities

subsistence farming using hunting and gathering techniques or pastoral nomadism

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Secondary Economic Activities

industrial sectors of the economy factories take raw material and make a product

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Tertiary Economic Activities

service sector of economy sell commodities rather than make them

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Quaternary Economic Activities

can't be physically touched internet or cell phone service

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Quinary Economic Activities

management decisions of society 10-15% of workforce but make decisions concerning trade at govt level an executive level effect farmers throughout the world NAFTA

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elevator

a cooperative whose members were farmers of a small town or village. They sold their product to another party.

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farm crisis

farmers are too productive, supply exceeds demand and prices lower forcing small farmers to leave their land

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environmental modification

introduction of manmade chemicals and practices to an area.

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desertification

When land becomes barren and desert-like often due to overgrazing or overuse

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aquaculture

farming of fish for sale off the farm

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creative destruction

removal of what nature originally produced in an area in order to grow something else.

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2 most important factors for a productive world crop region

1.) climate 2.) economic system of the country

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planned economy (or government controlled)

the government often dictates the quantity and type of agricultural products are dictated or required by a government Ex. China's "noodle line"

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Created by: Bluerockmonday