Fat soluble vitamins
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| Vitamin E is also called | Tocopherol
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| form of vitamin E absorbed by the human body | Alpha-tocopherol
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| Vitamin E deficiency in newborns | hemolytic anemia
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| In children, vitamin D deficiency can result | rickets
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| In adults, vitamin D deficiency --> | Osteomalacia
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| Principle function of vitamin D | maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood to favor bone mineralization
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| fat soluble vitamins include... | A, D, E, K
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| fat soluble vitamins require ? to be absorbed | bile & dietary fat
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| vitamin A plays role in _____ | night vision, cell differentiation, growth regulation
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| Preformed vitamin A compounds= | retinoid
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| Plants contain precursors to vitamin A = | carotenoid
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| what has activity of vitamin A? | retinoid: (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)
-Beta carotenoid does NOT have activity (can be converted)
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| Retinoids and carotenoids are transported from the intestine in | chylomicrons
(then delivered to liver)
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| in liver, some carotenoids converted to | retinol
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| vitamin A form that circulates in blood | retinol
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| vitamin A form important for vision | retinal
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| vitamin A form used for modulating gene expression | retinoic acid
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| retinoic acid formed from | retinal (but no converting back!)
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| Carotenoids that are not converted to vitamin A may act as | antioxidants
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| in eye, retinal combines with _____ to form _____ | combines with OPSIN to form RHODOPSIN
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| rhodopsin function | transform the energy from light into a nerve impulse that is sent to the brain (interprets as vision)
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| rhodopsin embedded in ____ cells | rod
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| vitamin A & gene expression | retinoic acid enters nucleus, binds to specific protein receptors
-RA receptor binds to regulatory region on DNA
--> alters level of mRNA produced
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| The genes that are regulated by RA involved in.... | growth and development, embryogenesis and the IMMUNE system
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| vitamin A deficiency caused by | insufficient intake of vitamin A, fat, protein or zinc
--> major cause of blindness
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| Foods natural sources of vitamin D | liver, fatty fish, fish oils and egg yolks
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| Vitamin D is important for..... | bone health, normal functioning of the parathyroid gland and regulation of the immune system.
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| blood calcium level drop stimulates.... | parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
--> kidney to activate enzymes to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to active form, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3
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| actions of vitamin D for bone health | -increase calcium transport proteins in intestines (move Ca from intestine to body)
-in bones, stimulate release of Ca by bone breakdown
-in kidney, increase amount of Ca retained by kidneys and put back into the blood
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| types of genes that vitamin D regulates | genes regulating bone health, immune response, reproductive functions, and skin growth.
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| though rare, individuals at risk for vitamin E deficiency are... | premature infants, individuals with fat malabsorption, protein malnutrition, inherited abnormalities in vitamin E metabolism
-newborns w/ low blood tocopherol
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| Vitamin K was named for.... | Koagulation (danish for coagulation)
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| vitamin K forms | phylloquinone and menaquinones
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| vitamin K in diet | -phylloquinone in plants (leafy green vegetables)
-menaquinones in fish oil, meats and synthesized by bacteria in the human intestine
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| vitamin K functions in body | -blood clotting
-Involved in proteins needed for bone mineralization and demineralization
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| vitamin K deficiency results in _____ and is common in _________ | -results in abnormal blood coagulation
-common in newborns (little transfer to fetus by mother, low vitamin K in breast milk)
-infants given vitamin K injection right after birth
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| retinoids & cartenoids transportation | from intestine in chylomicrons --> to body tissues (bone marrow, blood cells, spleen, liver, kidney, muscles)
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| some cartenoids converted to ______ in ___________ | converted to RETINOL in LIVER
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| move retinol from liver to tissues..... | retinol must bind to RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN
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| vitamin D from sunlight/ food --> active form | • Enzymes in LIVER add hydroxyl group (-OH) to carbon #25
• Enzymes in KIDNEY add –OH to carbon #1 → active vitamin D: 1,25 dehydroxy Vitamin D
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| low Vitamin D level --> | increase calcium absorption from INTESTINE
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| high Vitamin D level --> | stimulate PTH increase bone breakdown; stimulates kidney to activate enzymes convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to ACTIVE form; KIDNEY increase calcium retention
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| active vitamin D functions | • Active vitamin D binds Vitamin D receptor proteins @ target tissues → affect gene expression
o Increase blood calcium levels
o Targets= intestinal cells, bone, kidney
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| vitamin D deficiency | rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)
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| where vitamin E works as antioxidant | cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, cholesterol
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| how vitamin E works as antioxidant | DONATES e- to eliminate free radicals, Vitamin C restores antioxidant functions (gives back e-)
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| why infants need shot of vitamin K | • Little transfer to fetus, breast milk low in vitamin K, and no bacteria in newborn gut (to synthesize vitamin K)
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| vitamin K shot prevents.... | uncontrolled bleeding
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