Weather Test 3;Sec2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is an ordinary cloud droplet’s average diameter? | show 🗑
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| show | 100 times
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| show | does not
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| show | because the water molecules condensing onto the droplet will be exactly balanced by those evaporating from it
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| show | does
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| If a cloud droplet is not in equilibrium, why does the cloud droplet size change? | show 🗑
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| When a cloud droplet is in equilibrium with its environment, what are the total number of vapor molecules like? | show 🗑
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| When a cloud droplet is in equilibrium with its environment, the total number of vapor molecules around the droplet remains fairly constant, defining what? | show 🗑
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| What is another name for the saturation vapor pressure? | show 🗑
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| show | it has a greater equilibrium vapor pressure
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| When vapor molecules surround a droplet that is in equilibrium, it has greater equilibrium vapor pressure, what is the reason for this? | show 🗑
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| show | greater
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| What needs to happen to keep a droplet in equilibrium? | show 🗑
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| show | greater
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| Smaller cloud droplets exhibit a greater curvature, which causes what? | show 🗑
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| Smaller droplets require a (greater/lesser) vapor pressure to keep them from evaporating? | show 🗑
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| show | a curved droplet of pure water
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| What is it called in cloud physics, as cloud droplets decrease in size, they exhibit a greater surface curvature that causes a more rapid rate of evaporation? | show 🗑
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| show | supersaturation
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| What is it called when the relative humidity is greater than 100%? | show 🗑
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| show | greater; higher
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| As droplets become larger, the effect of curvature (greatens/lessens)? | show 🗑
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| For a droplet whose diameter is greater than 20 um, what is the effect of the curvature effect? | show 🗑
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| show | 100.1
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| show | the droplet will evaporate and shrink
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| For a given droplet size, what happens when the relative humidity is greater than the value on the curve? | show 🗑
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| show | 101%
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| Relative humidities (often/rarely) become 101%? | show 🗑
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| Condensation begins on tiny particles called what? | show 🗑
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| show | hygroscopic
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| show | condensation may begin on such particles when the relative humidity is well below 100%
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| What happens when condensation begins on hygroscopic salt particles? | show 🗑
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| What happens because salt ions in solution bind closely with water molecules? | show 🗑
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| show | solute effect
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| Due to the solute effect, what happens once an impurity (such as a salt particle) replaces a water molecule in the lattice structure of the droplet? | show 🗑
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| What happens as a result of the solute effect? | show 🗑
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| show | water vapor molecules would attach themselves to the droplet at a faster rate than they would leave, and the droplets would grow larger in size
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| show | increases
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| When relative humidity reaches a value near 78%, what happens? | show 🗑
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| show | increases; largest
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| show | smaller; larger
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| show | the available supply of water vapor
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| Over the oceans where the concentration of nuclei is (less/more), there are normally (more/fewer), but (larger/smaller) cloud droplets? | show 🗑
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| show | land
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| show | ocean
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| For droplets too small to fall as rain, these minute droplets require what to keep them suspended? | show 🗑
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| show | these droplets fall descend slowly and evaporate in the drier air beneath the cloud
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| show | cannot
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| show | the condensation process by itself is entirely too slow to produce rain
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| show | several days
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| How long does the process take to produce a cloud? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 million
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| show | 1. The collision-coalescence process 2. The ice-crystal (Bergeron) process
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| In clouds with tops warmer than -15 degrees C, what process can play a significant role in producing precipitation? | show 🗑
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| What must we need to produce the many collisions necessary to form a raindrop? | show 🗑
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| show | they form on large condensation nuclei, such as salt particles, or they may form through random collisions of droplets
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| Studies suggest that what plays a role in producing larger droplets? | show 🗑
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| What does air do as cloud droplets fall? | show 🗑
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| The amount of air resistance depends on what? | show 🗑
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| show | the more air molecules the drop encounters each second
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| show | the air resistance equals the pull of gravity
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| show | terminal velocity
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| show | because they have a smaller surface-area-to-weight ratio
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| show | faster
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| show | 600 times faster
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| Large droplets overtake and collide with what? | show 🗑
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| show | coalescence
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| Collision (does/does not) always guarantee coalescence? | show 🗑
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| show | because sometime the droplets actually bounce apart during collision
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| What is the force that holds a tiny droplet together? | show 🗑
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| show | they could not stick together
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| show | if colliding droplets have opposite (attractive) electrical charges
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| show | the bouncing collisions between them
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| The weak separation of charge and the weak electrical fields in developing, relatively warm clouds (are/are not) significant in initiating precipitation? | show 🗑
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| What is often enhanced in thunderstorms where strongly charged droplets exist in a strong electrical field | show 🗑
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| What is an important factor influencing cloud droplet growth by the collision process? | show 🗑
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| A very large cloud droplet of 200 um falling in still air takes how many minutes to travel through a cloud 500 m tick and over how many minutes if the cloud thickness is 2500 m? | show 🗑
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| Rising air currents in a forming cloud do what? | show 🗑
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| A thick cloud with strong updrafts maximizes what? | show 🗑
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| A warm stratus cloud is typically less than –m thick and has (fast/slow) (upward/downward movement) ? | show 🗑
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| show | short
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| show | drizzle
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| What is the lightest form of rain? | show 🗑
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| If the stratus cloud base is fairly high above the ground, what will happen to the cloud droplets? | show 🗑
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| What are clouds that have above-freezing temperatures at all levels? | show 🗑
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| show | by the collision and coalescence process
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| In tropical regions, droplets rise, capturing smaller droplets, and the updraft in cloud is able to balance gravity on the drop, where it remains suspended, and once the fall velocity of the drop is greater than the updraft velocity, what happens? | show 🗑
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| Raindrops that reach the earth’s surface are rarely larger than what? | show 🗑
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| show | many smaller droplets
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| show | oscillations within the combined drop
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| What happens as the drop grows after large droplets collide with other large droplets? | show 🗑
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| show | warm rain
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| What is the most important factor in the production of raindrops? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. The range of droplet sizes 2. The cloud thickness 3. The updrafts of the cloud 4. The electric charge of the droplets and the electric field in the cloud
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| Thin stratus clouds with slow, upward air currents are only able to produce what? | show 🗑
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| show | heavy showers
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| What is a type of rain formation that is extremely important in the middle and high latitudes, where the clouds extend upward into regions where the air temperature is well below freezing? | show 🗑
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| What is another name for ice crystal process? | show 🗑
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| show | cold clouds
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| show | liquid
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| What are water droplets existing at temperature below freezing? | show 🗑
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| Is the distribution of ice crystals random or uniform? | show 🗑
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| At what elevation & degree do we see ice crystals? | show 🗑
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| What is the region of a cloud where only ice particles exist? | show 🗑
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| Why are there so few ice crystals in the middle of the cloud, even though temperatures are well below freezing? | show 🗑
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| Just as liquid cloud droplets form on condensation nuclei, ice crystals form in subfreezing air on particles called what? | show 🗑
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| show | small
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| show | they become active and promote freezing
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| What are other examples of excellent ice nuclei? | show 🗑
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| show | if their geometry resembles that of an ice crystal
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| Why is it difficult to find substances in nature that have a lattice structure similar to ice? | show 🗑
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| show | easy
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| show | rare
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| show | several
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| What are certain ice nuclei that allow water vapor to deposit at ice directly into their surfaces in cold, saturated air? | show 🗑
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| show | because, in this situation, water vapor changes directly into ice without going through the liquid phase
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| What are ice nuclei that promote the freezing of supercooled liquid droplets? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 kinds of things that freezing nuclei do? | show 🗑
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| show | Contact freezing
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| show | contact nuclei
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| show | that they can be just about any substance
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| show | it is the dominant force in this production
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| show | cloud droplets may freeze spontaneously, but only at the very low temperatures usually found at high altitudes
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| show | ice crystals
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| show | a cold cloud that contains many more liquid droplets than ice particles, even at temperatures as low as -10 degrees C
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| Is the tiny liquid or the solid particles large enough to fall as precipitation? | show 🗑
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| In the subfreezing air of a cloud, what surrounds each ice crystal? | show 🗑
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| show | the number of molecules leaving the surface of both the droplet and the ice crystal must equal the number of molecules returning
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| show | the molecules escape the surface of water much easier than they escape the surface of air
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| show | more molecules escape the water surface at a given temperature, requiring more in the vapor phase to maintain saturation
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| show | greater
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| What does the difference in vapor pressure cause? | show 🗑
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| show | vapor pressure above the water droplets
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| What happens when the droplet is now out of equilibrium with its surroundings? | show 🗑
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| What happens during the ice-crystal process? | show 🗑
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| The constant supply of moisture to ice crystals causes what? | show 🗑
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| What happens when ice crystals become heavy enough to overcome updraft in the clouds? | show 🗑
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| What is the process of ice crystals growing larger as they collide with supercooled cloud droplets? | show 🗑
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| What is the icy matter than forms in accretion? | show 🗑
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| What is another name for graupel? | show 🗑
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| show | it may fracture or splinter into tiny ice particles when it collides with cloud droplets; these splinters may grow to become new graupel, which may produce more splinters
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| show | aggregation
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| What is the end product of aggregation of clumping together of ice crystals? | show 🗑
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| show | raindrop
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| show | 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000
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| show | each crystal grows large and falls out of the cloud, leaving the majority of the cloud behind (unaffected)
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| If there are very few ice crystals, there is little of what? | show 🗑
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| show | Alfred Wegener
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| show | Tor Bergeron
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| What German meterorologist made additional contributions to Bergeron’s theory? | show 🗑
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| What is the ice-crystal theory of rain formation? | show 🗑
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| show | precipitation may begin only minutes after the cloud form and may be initiated by either the collision-coalescence or the ice-crystal (Bergeron) process
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| Any falling drop of liquid water? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.5 mm
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| What is a drop of water whose diameter is smaller than 0.5 mm? | show 🗑
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| show | a stratus cloud; however, may partially evaporate
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| Occasionally, the rain falling from a cloud never reaches the surface, why? | show 🗑
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| As the drops of rain become smaller, their rate of fall (increases/decreases), and they appear to hang in the air as what? | show 🗑
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| show | virga
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| When do raindrops fall from a cloud and not reach the ground? | show 🗑
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| show | 9m/sec (20m/hr)
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| What happens if raindrops encounter rising air whose speed is greater than 9m/sec? | show 🗑
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| What happens if the updraft in the air weakens or changes direction and becomes a downfdraft? | show 🗑
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| show | usually brief and sporadic
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| show | cloudburst
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| What is possible beneath a cumulonimbus cloud, when large convection currents of rising and descending air? | show 🗑
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| show | a layered cloud that covers a large area and has smaller vertical air currents
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| show | by ice changing to water
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| Most evaporation occurs (above/below) the virga line? | show 🗑
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| Raindrops that reach the earth’s surface are seldom larger than what? | show 🗑
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| show | the collisions (whether glancing or head-on between raindrops tend to break them up into many smaller drops
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| show | they become unstable and break apart
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| After a rainstorm, why does visibility usually improve? | show 🗑
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| show | it becomes acidic
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| show | acid rain
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| Why is it important to know the interval of time over which rain falls? | show 🗑
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| show | intensity of rain
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| Intensity of rain is always based on what? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.01-0.10
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| show | 0.11-0.30
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| What is heavy rainfall rate? | show 🗑
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| show | 3600m
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| Snowflakes can generally fall about how many meters below the freezing level before completely melting? | show 🗑
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| What is it called when ice crystals and snowflakes fall from high cirrus clouds? | show 🗑
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| show | virga
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| What happens as the ice particles fall into drier air? | show 🗑
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| What happens because the winds at higher levels move the cloud and ice particles horizontally more quickly than do the slower winds at lower levels? | show 🗑
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| Fallstreaks descending into lower, supercoolds clouds may do what? | show 🗑
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| What do snowflakes that fall through moist air that is slightly above freezing do? | show 🗑
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| show | a thin film of water forms on the edge of the flakes, which acts like glue, snowflakes come in contact with it and create giant snowflake
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| What are large, soggy snowflakes associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | small, powdery flakes of “dry” snow accumulate on the ground
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| (Snow/rain) scatters sunlight better? | show 🗑
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| show | the region of falling precipitation looks darker above the melting level than below it
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| A fernlike branching star shape? | show 🗑
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| show | the air temperature and relative humidity (the degree of supersaturation between water and ice)
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| Dendrites are common at temperatures between what? | show 🗑
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| show | the difference iin saturation vapor pressure between water and ice
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| show | where dendrite crystals are most likely to grow
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| As ice crystals fall through a cloud, they are constantly exposed to what? | show 🗑
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| Why is it that snow crystals may assume many complex patterns? | show 🗑
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| What is snow falling from developing cumulus clouds? | show 🗑
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| show | flurries
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| What is a more intense snow shower that is brief but heavy falls of snow are comparable to summer rain showers, usually fall from cumuliform clouds? | show 🗑
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| show | its reduction of horizontal visibility at the time of observation
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| show | blowing snow
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| show | blowing snow
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| What is the combination of drifting and blowing snow, after falling snow has ended? | show 🗑
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| What is a weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds (greater than 30 knots) bearing large amounts of fine, dry, powdery particles of snow, which can reduce visibility to only a few meters? | show 🗑
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| show | it is a good insulator (poor heat conductor); protects sensitive plants and their root systems from damaging low temperature by retarding the loss of ground heat
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| show | because the frozen soil makes spring cultivation almost impossible; frozen ground prevents early spring rains from percolating downward into the soil
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| What happens if subsequent rains do not fall? | show 🗑
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| show | winter recreation, and the melting snow in spring and summer is of great economic value in that is supplies streams and reservoirs with much needed water
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| In what ways can a winter snow be hazardful? | show 🗑
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| show | greater than ½ mile
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| What is moderate snowfall intensity? | show 🗑
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| show | less than or equal to ¼ mile
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| show | sleet
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| show | Freezing rain/drizzle
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| A coating of ice produced by freezing rain and freezing drizzle? | show 🗑
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| What is a white or milky granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled water drops as they come in contact with an object in below-freezing air | show 🗑
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| show | snowflakes that reach the surface
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| In the winter temperature profile where a zone of above freezing, what is the type of precipitation associated with it? | show 🗑
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| show | the melted snowflakes, now supercooled liquid drops, freeze on contact, producing freezing rain
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| show | precipitation reaches the surface as rain
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| show | snow grains
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| show | fairly flat or elongated, with diamters generally less than 1mm (0.04 in)
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| show | they fall in small quantities from stratus clouds, and never in the form of a shower; upon striking a hard surface, they neither bounce nor shatter
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| What are white, opaque grains of ice, with diameters less than 5mm (0.2 in)? | show 🗑
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| show | they are brittle, crunchy, and bounce (or break apart) upon hitting a hard surface
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| show | usually fall as showers, especially from cumulus congestus clouds
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| When ice crystals collide with the supercooled water droplets, they immediately freeze the droplets, producing a spherical accumulation of icy matter (rime) containing many tiny air spaces, what 2 effects do these bubbles have on growing ice particles? | show 🗑
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| show | graupel
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| show | snow pellet
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| On the surface, the accumulation of snow pellets sometimes give the appearance of what? | show 🗑
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| What is it called, in a thunderstorm, when the freezing level is well above the surface, graupel that reaches the ground? | show 🗑
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| show | hailstones
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| When and where is hail produced? | show 🗑
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| show | accretion
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| show | embryos that remain suspendedin the cloud by violent updrafts
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| show | the ice particles are swept horizontally through the cloud producing the optimal trajectory for hailstone growth
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| Along the path of producing hailstones, what happens when ice particles collide with supercooled liquid droplets? | show 🗑
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| growing hailstone enters a region inside the storm where the liquid water content is relatively low, called what? | show 🗑
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| What happens when the growing hailstone enters the dry growth regime? | show 🗑
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| What happens as supercooled water droplets freeze onto the hailstone’s surface? | show 🗑
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| What happens as long as the hailstone’s surface temperature remains below freezing? | show 🗑
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| show | wet growth regime
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| show | the supercooled water droplets will collect so rapidly on the stone that, due to the release of latent heat, the stone’s surface temperature will remain at 0 degree C
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| show | instead, they spread a coating of water around the hailstone, filling in the poroud regions
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| show | air bubbles are able to escape, leaving a layer of clear ice around the stone; therefore, as a hailstone passes through a thunderstorm of changing liquid content alternating layers of opaque and clear ice form
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| show | hailstreak
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|
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Created by:
arcall