radiology exam one
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| show | high energy, short wavelength, high frequency
can ionize matter (along with gamma rays)
possess properties of both waves and particles
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| what does the filament size affect in a radiograph | show 🗑
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| show | detail of the radiographic image
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| differentiate simple phase versus high frequency x-ray machines | show 🗑
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| advantages of using high frequency x-ray machines | show 🗑
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| possible photon interactions in radiography (4) | show 🗑
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| show | sivler ions are reduced to metallic silver
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| show | quantity or amount of radiation which is used in forming the radiographic image
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| show | get a darker/blacker image
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| what is kVp? What does it effect in terms of the radiograph? | show 🗑
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| show | greater penetrating power of the x-rays
creates a darker image
difference in contrast
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| what is radiographic density? | show 🗑
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| three ways to make a radiograph darker | show 🗑
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| how is kVp adjusted to increase darkness? | show 🗑
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| in addition to darkness, what else does kVp affect? | show 🗑
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| what happens when you increase the distance of the x-ray machine to the radiograph? | show 🗑
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| what are the two types of radiographic contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | subject: difference in x-ray intensity transmitted through one part of the subject compared to that through another part
radiographic: visible difference in film blackness between two adjacent areas on the image
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| factors that affect radiographic contrast (5) | show 🗑
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| with what areas of the body should a grid be used when radiographing? | show 🗑
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| recommended kVp range for the thorax | show 🗑
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| show | 65-90
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| show | 60-80
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| recommended kVp range for small extremities | show 🗑
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| recommended kVp range for small birds and reptiles | show 🗑
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| show | intensifying screen speed
focal spot size
focal film distance
object film distance
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| show | faster speed screens have larger crystals, get less detail
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| how does the focal spot size affect radiographic detail? | show 🗑
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| show | longer FFD offers better detail
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| recommended focal film distance for mobile equine work | show 🗑
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| recommended focal film distance for small animal radiography | show 🗑
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| how does object-film distance affect radiographic detail? | show 🗑
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| show | low: very black and white, short scale of contrast, high contrast image
high: grayer image, long scale of contrast, low contrast image
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| show | height of lead strips/ distance between strips
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| show | higher the grid ratio, the more efficiency or "clean-up" there is of scattered radiation
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| show | the higher the grid ratio, the more exposure needed to obtain a satisfactory amount of film blackening or photons to the imaging panel or plate
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| what grid ratios are recommended for veterinary use? | show 🗑
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| what is grid frequency? | show 🗑
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| show | 103 lines/inch recommended for conventional radiography
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| when would you see grid cut-off? | show 🗑
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| show | in general, if the part being radiographed is 10cm or larger
up to 15cm is okay with good quality digital radiography
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| how can you control scatter radiation when a grid is not available? | show 🗑
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| types of radiation collimators | show 🗑
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| what are the issues involved in using high kVp? | show 🗑
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| order of manual processing of radiographs | show 🗑
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| what is the main function of developer chemicals? what is a second function? | show 🗑
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| how does temperature affect manual processing? | show 🗑
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| factors that can lead to film underdevelopment (4) | show 🗑
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| show | neutralize developer
clear away unexposed/undeveloped silver halide crystals
shrink and harden gelatin (emulsion)
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| for how long should films be fixed? | show 🗑
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| show | on the viewer, the areas have a cloudy or milky appearance
in regular room light, they can look pink, green, or purple depending on original color of emulsion
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| how do underfixed films feel? how does this affect processing? | show 🗑
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| what is the role of washing in the development process? | show 🗑
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| describe the washing process for manual processing | show 🗑
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| show | flims can look smeary on the surface and smell like chemicals
films will turn brown, orange, or yellow as the fixer gets oxidized
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| what affects the color a film turns after inadequate washing? | show 🗑
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| show | anything that decreases the quality of the radiograph
can result in difficult evaluation and interpretation
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| show | double exposure
distance too close
overexposure (too much kVp/mAs)
overdevelopment
overmeasurement
machine not calibrated properly
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| causes of film being too light (6) | show 🗑
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| reasons for lack of contrast (film too gray) (6) | show 🗑
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| describe light fog on a radiograph | show 🗑
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| show | darkroom windows and doors should be light tight
boxes of film should be stored in light-tight film bin or with lids
be careful when turning on lights and opening doors
don't take pagers/cell-phones into the dark room
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| how should you use a safelight? | show 🗑
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| how can you reduce the motion picked up on the radiographic film? | show 🗑
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| show | take thorax radiographs on full inspiration
take abdominal on full expiration
try to stop patient from panting (blow on nose during the exposure or hold mouth and nose shut during the exposure)
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| guidelines for screens used during radiographs | show 🗑
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| how do missing/inactive phosphors of a screen appear? | show 🗑
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| rough handling artifacts (2) | show 🗑
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| show | white artifacts caused by objects on the screens
interfere with light from the screen reaching the film
can be anything, but hair, bedding, shavings,and dirt are common
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| ways of preventing screen artifacts | show 🗑
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| describe D.R. radiography | show 🗑
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| show | image receptor= CR cassette with imaging plate
imaging plate records a latent image made by x-rays
cassette is put into a reader, IP is scanned with a laser, and digital image is produced
image can be viewed on a monitor
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| show | dependent on imaging software and quality of monitors/printers
resolution is less with digital
digital radiography offers better contrast and increased latitude (range of material thickness that can be imaged)
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| show | the range of material thickness that can be imaged
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| show | D.R. is faster than C.R. and conventional
image available in about 4 sec
fewer retakes due to technique
C.R. maybe faster than conventional (reduces technique)
patient still waits while images are processed in the reader
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| show | C.R. can be used stall side, just like conventional
C.R. can be used tabletop or with Bucky tray with a grid
C.R. can be used for horizontal beam radiography
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| disadvantages of D.R. with portable/remote work | show 🗑
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| show | DR plate pricey and fragile (new panel costs 20-50 thousand)
CR cassettes are more fragile than conventional cassettes, plate is good for about 10,000 images, new plate costs 1000
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| show | occurs from overexposure...
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| describe paradoxical overexposure | show 🗑
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| show | white border that occurs around the image when the primary beam is collimated greatly
some digital machines have automatic border masking (positive)
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| artifacts common to CR and film/screen | show 🗑
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| show | safety rules still need to be followed
fewer retakes due to technique, but positioning is still very important
collimation is still key
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| show | white- bone
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| what is hypottenuating (in terms of CT) | show 🗑
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| show | CT identifies over 2000 densities (versus 5 for radiograph)
CT eliminates superimposition of structures
CT can reconstruct images for soft tissue, bone, lungs; in different planes, and in 3D
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| show | only acquisition of single plane images (usually transverse plane in CT)
Poor contrast of tissues relative to MRI
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| what kind of contrast media is used with CT | show 🗑
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| why is IV injection of iodine useful in CT? | show 🗑
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| show | both always dark
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| how does fat appear on MRI? | show 🗑
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| show | dark on T1 weighted images
bright on T2
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| how does brain tissue appear on MRI? | show 🗑
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| show | hypointense: dark
hyperintense: bright
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| what is unique about contrast imaging with MRI? | show 🗑
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| show | Gadolinium-chelates (Gd-DTPA)
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| how is MRI contrast media administered? | show 🗑
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| In MRI, what interaction does T1 emphasize? | show 🗑
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| show | always dark
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| In MRI, what interaction does T2 emphasize? | show 🗑
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| how does fluid appear in a T2 weighted image? | show 🗑
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| show | spleen: most echogenic
liver: next most echogenic
kidney: least echogenic
note: with Kidney cortex, it can equal or exceed liver echogenicity
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| show | region of the left kidney, bordered by the aorta, left renal artery, celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries
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| define the borders used to find the left adrenal gland with ultrasound | show 🗑
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| show | intact male prostate is larger, rounder, and hyperechoic to surrounding fat
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| how should you measure the thickness of the small intestinal wall on ultrasound? | show 🗑
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| normal jejunal thicknesses for dogs according to body weight | show 🗑
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| show | <5.1mm for dogs< 20kg
<5.3 for dogs>= 20 and < 30kg
<6.0mm for dogs > 30kg
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| what might cause a focal thickening or loss of layering in the intestine that can be measured on ultrasound? | show 🗑
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| what might cause symmetrical thickening of the intestine with intact layers (focal, regional, or extensive) as seen on ultrasound? | show 🗑
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| show | <5mm
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| show | dorsal to ventral with marker for cranial
strip wise approach
sector/curvilinear
medium depth
mid/deep focal zone
masses
lymph nodes
free fluid
Left limb of pancreas
fat echogenicity
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| show | liver and gallbladder
right kidney
right adrenal gland
intestines
medial iliac lymph nodes
bladder
duodenum
pancreas
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| show | ventromedial: caudal vena cava
cross sections of celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries (cranial?)
just dorsal to CVC
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| show | left adrenal (more difficult on the right)
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| show | superficial
slightly thicker
straight and easy to follow
broad caudal flexure
slish-slosh of contents
1st SI loop ventral to right kidney
cranial connection to pylorus
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| show | 3.2-4.2cm
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| show | jejunum: <2.5mm
duodenum: <3mm
stomach: <4mm
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| show | substance applied to enhance the natural contrast of an organ of interest
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| show | a survey study (baseline study to assess contrast enhancement)
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| show | negative: gas (air, CO2)
positive: barium sulfate, iodine compunds
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| show | do not absorb x-rays, so appear radioluscent
purpose: outlining of hollow organ walls (displacement, distension, wall mass)
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| show | pneumo/capnocystogram
pneumocolon
pneumogastrogram
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| show | overdistension and rupture
gas embolism (with air)
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| purpose of positive contrast media with conventional radiography | show 🗑
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| applications of barium sulfate positive contrast studies | show 🗑
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| how does barium sulfate contrast work? | show 🗑
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| how does the body process barium sulfate? | show 🗑
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| what are BIPS and what are they used for? | show 🗑
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| show | provides a mucoprotective coating that binds toxins
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| adverse effects of barium sulfate | show 🗑
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| compare the osmolarity of ionic and non-ionic iodinated compounds | show 🗑
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| show | over 90% renal via glomerular filtration
specific contrast media for biliary excretion
alternative biliary and GI excretion in cases of renal failure
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| adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media | show 🗑
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| show | use non-ionic form
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| show | myelogram (non-ionic only!)
intravenous urogram
positive contrast cystography
retrograde urethrogram
retrograde vaginogram
angiography
portography
gastrogram
duodenogram
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| show | structures surrounded by positive contrast will appear lucent if less opaque than contrast media= filling defect, while they appear opaque without contrast media
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| how are filling defects "overshadowed"? | show 🗑
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| show | study that uses both positive and negative contrast media
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| show | applications: esophagus, stomach, colon, urinary bladder
highlights mucosal detail with positive contrast while providing dark background with negative contrast
demonstrates filling defects in positive contrast puddle without overshadowing
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| define filling defect | show 🗑
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| show | IV: angiogram, parenchymal entrapment, excretory studies (excretory urogram)
others: myelogram
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| for what situations are iodinated contrast media useful in angiography? | show 🗑
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| for what situations areiodinated contrast media useful in parenchymal enhancement? | show 🗑
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| how is barium sulfate used for CT contrast studies? | show 🗑
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| what is the major contrast media used with MRI? | show 🗑
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| principles of contrast media in MRI | show 🗑
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| what features increase contrast media uptake in an MRI study? | show 🗑
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| how are gas bubbles used in ultrasound? | show 🗑
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| show | best seen with tissue harmonic imaging
get a maximal signal is the bubble is destroyed sonographically
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| show | portosystemic shunts
perfusion imaging (myocardial, renal grafts, tumor perfusion)
echocardiography
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Created by:
nickrobl50