all vocab for the quiz
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| population | the entire group of individuals that we want information about
🗑
|
||||
| sample | a part of a population that we actually examine in order to gather information about the entire population
🗑
|
||||
| statistical inference | coming to a conclusion about an entire population based on sample
🗑
|
||||
| terms associated with sampling | involves studying a part to gain information about the whole (often very accurate)
🗑
|
||||
| sample design | the method used to choose the sample from the population (poor sample design can produce misleading conclusions)
🗑
|
||||
| voluntary response sampling | (often biased) people choose to be in a sample. This technique usually involves outgoing people with strong opinion, usually negative ones
🗑
|
||||
| convenience sampling | (often biased) chooses individuals that are easiest to reach
🗑
|
||||
| cluster sampling | when a population falls into naturally occuring subgroups, each having similar characteristics. 1) divide the population into groups/clusters 2)select ALL members of one or more clusters
🗑
|
||||
| systematic sampling | a sample in which each member of a population is assigned a number. Members of a population are ordered in same way. Sample members are selected at regular intervals from a starting number
🗑
|
||||
| confounding | variables are confounded when their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other
🗑
|
||||
| bias | the design of a study is biased if it systematically favors certain outcomes (does not have to be intentional for it to occur, however a good experimental designer must avoid it at all costs)
🗑
|
||||
| simple random sampling | choosing "n" individuals from a population in such a way that every set of "n" individuals has an equal chance of being in sample actually selected
🗑
|
||||
| census | a survery that attempts to contact every individual in an entire population
🗑
|
||||
| survey | a series of questions that attempts to gather information about a population or sample
🗑
|
||||
| table of random digits | a long string of the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 where each entry is equally likely to be any of these ten digits and entires are independent of each other
🗑
|
||||
| probability sample | a sample chosen by chance. We must know what samples are possible and what chance or probability each possible sample has
🗑
|
||||
| stratified random sample | 1)divide population into groups of similar individuals(strata) 2)then choose separate SRS in each stratum 3)combine the SRS from all strata to form the overall sample
🗑
|
||||
| multistage sample design | choose the sample in stages. 1)break population up into groups 2)randomly select a certain number of groups 3)from those groups selected, then randomly pick sample from each
🗑
|
||||
| undercoverage | occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing a sample
🗑
|
||||
| nonresponse | occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or does not cooperate
🗑
|
||||
| response bias | respondents lying, usually about illegal or unpopular behavior
🗑
|
||||
| wording of questions | confusing or leading questions can introduce bias
🗑
|
||||
| sampling size | usually large samples are more accurate than smaller samples (relatively speaking)
🗑
|
||||
| sampling frame | a list of all individuals from a population from which a sample is chosen. This should be ENTIRE population, but in practice, this is difficult
🗑
|
||||
| observational study | observes individuals and measures variables, but does not attempt to influence the responses (usually poor way to find EFFECT of one variable on another)
🗑
|
||||
| experiment | imposes a treatment on individuals to observe their responses. 1)randomization 2)control group 3)impose a treatment 4)replication
🗑
|
||||
| experimental units | the individuals on which an experiment is done. They are "subjects". A specific experimental condition applied to the units is called a treatment.
🗑
|
||||
| treatment | the specific experiment condition applied to the unit
🗑
|
||||
| factor | the explanatory variable in an experiment. At times there can be many factors
🗑
|
||||
| level | the specific value of the each factor
🗑
|
||||
| placebo effect | a placebo is a dummy treatment. Most subjects respond favorably to ANY treatment, even a "fake" one. The response to the dummy treatment is known as the placebo effect.
🗑
|
||||
| control group | the group of subjects that receive the fake treatment (placebo). The control group helps to alleviate confounding effects of the placebo effect
🗑
|
||||
| matching | trying to ensure that the experimental group and control group are matched (have the same type of subjects)
🗑
|
||||
| completely randomized design | when all experimental units are allocated at random among all treatments. This helps average out the effects of chance in sample that are large enough
🗑
|
||||
| statistical significance | an observed effect too large to attribute to just chance (did change occur because of the actual treatment imposed or was it just chance?)
🗑
|
||||
| replication | repeating each treatment on a large enough number of experimental units or subjects
🗑
|
||||
| principals of experimental design | 1)control: the effects of confounding variables on the response variable 2)randomize: use impersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments 3)replication: each treatmenton many units to reduce chance variation in results
🗑
|
||||
| hidden bias | taking care that all experimental units or subjects are treated in exactly the same way. If not hidden bias could occur
🗑
|
||||
| blind experiment | the subjects do not know what treatment they receive
🗑
|
||||
| double blind experiment | not only does the patient not know what treatment they are receiving, but the person administering the treatment and/or the person recording the results does not know which treatment is being administered
🗑
|
||||
| block design | a block is a group of subjects that are simliar in ways that are expected to affect the response to treatments
🗑
|
||||
| matched pairs design | design that compares two treatments. -each block consists of two units or subjects closely mathced -subject: are assigned randomly to treatments and results are compared
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
lauraprz12