Ecology Midterm
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| show | study of distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the environment
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| show | nonliving factors: regional differences in temperature, rainfall, light, spatial and temporal heterogeneity, wind, soils, weather, climate
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| biotic factors | show 🗑
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| show | behavior, physiologic, evolutionary, response
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| population ecology | show 🗑
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| community ecology | show 🗑
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| ecosystem ecology | show 🗑
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| show | flow of energy, materials and or organisms between ecosystems
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| show | all of earth's ecosystems
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| show | if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking the action.
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| show | study of the past and present distribution of species
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| dispersal | show 🗑
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| show | behavior of an organism can keep them from occupying all of their potential range (some insects will only lay eggs on certain plants)
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| show | prevailing weather conditions of a locality is determined by temperature, water, sunlight and wind
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| macroclimate | show 🗑
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| show | fine variations within a habitat patch like ground color, boulders, burrows, altitude, aspect, vegitation
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| show | They are caused by absorption of solar radiation that heats the atmosphere, land and water which sets patterns for temperature variation, air circulation and water evaporation.
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| What influences regional climate patchiness? | show 🗑
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| What affects local climate? | show 🗑
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| show | water in lakes is brought to the bottom with oxygen and nutrient rich water is brought to the top of the lake, this happens in spring and fall
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| biomes | show 🗑
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| photic zone | show 🗑
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| show | little penetration of light
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| show | bottom substrate of water bodies, home to benthos organisms and detrius
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| detrius | show 🗑
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| show | open water (ocean)
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| littoral zone | show 🗑
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| show | well-lit, open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore
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| netiric zone | show 🗑
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| thermoclines | show 🗑
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| show | deep, nutrient poor, fairly nonproductive, and generally oxygen rich
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| eutrophic lakes | show 🗑
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| show | flowing habitats, physical and chemical characteristics vary from headwaters to the mouth or point of entry into oceans or lakes, varying oxygen levels (high levels in high energy, low levels in low energy)
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| show | areas covered with enough water to support aquatic plants
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| show | where mouths of rivers meet oceans
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| climograph | show 🗑
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| ecotone | show 🗑
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| show | canopy, low tree stratum, shrub understory, herbaceous plants, ground floor, root layer
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| show | equatorial and sub-equatorial regions, variations in rainfall, warm temperatures
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| savannas | show 🗑
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| deserts | show 🗑
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| chaparral | show 🗑
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| show | maintained by fire, seasonal drought and grazing my large mammals, cold-dry winters, hot-wet summers, deep-fertile soils
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| show | characterized by broad leaved deciduous trees at mid-latitudes with cold winters and hot humid summers with adequate rainfall
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| show | northern latitudes, large forests, harsh winters and heavy snowfall
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| show | frozen layer of soil which doesn't permit infiltration of water
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| show | ecosystem ecology
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| Which level of ecological research would consider how a community is affected by neighboring ecosystems? | show 🗑
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| Ecologists often use mathematical models and computer simulations because | show 🗑
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| show | dispersal ability,interactions of mutualistic symbionts, climate and physical factors of the environment, predators, parasites and competitors
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| show | Environmental decisions should be made carefully, taking into account the complexity of ecosystems and the potential effects of such decisions
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| What is a concern about the effects of global warming on tree species? | show 🗑
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| In which biome is light most likely to be a limiting factor? | show 🗑
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| Phytoplankton are the basis of the food chain in: | show 🗑
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| The ample rainfall of the tropics and the arid areas around 30 degrees north and south latitudes are caused by | show 🗑
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| show | keeps the surface soil wet because water cannot penetrate through
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| Many plant species have adaptations for dealing with periodic fires typical of these areas | show 🗑
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| show | have different seasonal temperature sand patterns of rainfall throughout the year
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| show | bring nutrient rich waters to the surface
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| show | Rising air expands, cools and drops its moisture
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| Describe the influence of mountains affecting local climates in terms of solar radiation | show 🗑
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| show | air temperature drops with an increase in elevation, and high altitude communities may be similar to communities in higher latitudes
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| show | the windward side of a mountain range receives much more rainfall than the leeward side, the warm moist air rising over the mountain releases moisture, and the drier, cooler air absorbs moisture as it descends to the other side
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| show | wind toward the equator. The CoriolisEffect makes the trade winds appear to be curving to the west.
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| doldrums | show 🗑
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| show | Between thirty and sixty degrees latitude, the winds that move toward the poles appear to curve to the east (winds are named from the direction in which they originate). Responsible for many of the weather movements across the United States and Canada.
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| show | Formed when the atmosphere over the poles cools. This cool air then sinks and spreads over the surface. As the air flows away from the poles, it is turned to the west by the Coriolis effect.
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| show | The apparent deflection of the path of an object that moves within a rotating coordinate system.
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| show | Absorbs heat without changing temperature.
•1 cal energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1 C.
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| Latent Heat of Evaporation | show 🗑
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| show | 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes.
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| soil | show 🗑
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| show | Organic Layer freshly fallen organic material -most superficial layer.
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| A horizon | show 🗑
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| show | Clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon -often contains plant roots.
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| show | Weathered parent material
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| Mycorrhizae | show 🗑
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| show | studies the control, development and evolution of animal behavior
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| population ecology | show 🗑
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| population | show 🗑
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| show | number of individuals per unit area or volume
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| dispersion | show 🗑
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| mark-recapture method | show 🗑
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| immigration | show 🗑
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| show | changes in population density by removal of members
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| show | defense of physical space that can lead to uniform dispersion of a population
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| What is the likely dispersion pattern of a fish that swim in schools, seabirds nesting on a small island and thistles growing in a fairly uniform field? | show 🗑
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| demography | show 🗑
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| life table | show 🗑
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| cohort | show 🗑
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| survivorship curve | show 🗑
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| reproductive table | show 🗑
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| show | of an organism from birth through reproduction to death reflects evolutionary tradeoffs between survival and reproduction
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| show | an organism that puts all its resources in a single reproductive effort
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| show | making reproductive efforts over a span of time
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| show | An organism has limited resources to divide between growth, survival and reproduction
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| In what way might high competition for limited resources in a predictable environment influence life history traits? | show 🗑
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| per capita rate of increase (r) | show 🗑
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| zero population growth | show 🗑
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| show | dN/dt=rmaxN
change in population size/change in time=maximum per capita rate of growth*population size
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| carrying capacity(K) | show 🗑
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| logistic population growth | show 🗑
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| show | populations at high densities close to their carrying capacity may experience a type of density dependent selection for traits such as competitive ability and efficient resource utilization
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| r-selection | show 🗑
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| show | r-selection
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| Indicate whether the following would be considered to be r-selected or K selected life history traits: few, relatively large offspring produced every year | show 🗑
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| show | when a birth rate or death rate does not change as population density changes
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| density dependent | show 🗑
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| population dynamics | show 🗑
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| show | immigration and emigration may significantly influence individual population sizes
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| show | nutrients, space for nests, accumulation of toxic wastes, predation, intrinsic limiting factors
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| List some abiotic factors that may cause population fluctuations | show 🗑
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| show | a. Zero population growth= high birth rates- high death rates
b. Zero population growth= low birth rates-low death rates
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| show | the movement from one type of population stability to another
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| show | is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a human population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which ideally forms the shape of a pyramid when the region is healthy.
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| show | present and future growth
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| infant mortality and life expectancy at birth | show 🗑
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| show | takes into account multiple human needs in estimating carrying capacity
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| In a range with a heterogeneous distrobution of suitable habitats, the dispersion pattern of a population probably would be | show 🗑
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| What are true of life tables? | show 🗑
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| In a population in which offspring survival is quite low and the environment is inconsistent, one might expect... | show 🗑
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| A Type 1 survivorship curve is level at first, with a rapid increase in mortality in old age. This type of curve is | show 🗑
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| show | is the period when the population growth rate is the highest
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| show | is zero when population size equals carrying capacity
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| show | increased predation by a predator, limited number of available nesting sites, stress syndrome that alters hormone levels, intraspecific competition
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| show | 8
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| show | maintain the population density close to 1/2K
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| When would the following immigration and emigration likely play a role in population dynamics? | show 🗑
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| For a population regulated by density-dependent factors, how might clutch or seed crop size change with increased population density? | show 🗑
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| show | increase
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| In a population showing exponential growth, how would dN/dt be expected to change with an increase in N? | show 🗑
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| Experimental studies of the population cycles of snowshoe hare and the lynx have show that | show 🗑
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| show | Type 1 survivorship curve to Type 2 survivorship curve
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| An ecological footprint is the estimate of | show 🗑
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| show | study of biological form of an organism
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| show | study of biological functions an organism performs
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| show | reflects different species adaptations to a similar environmental challenge
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| show | the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
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| show | physiological changes in response to temperature
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| show | cold loving
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| show | heat loving
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| show | rays coming into contact with surface and sometimes reflected back into atmosphere
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| show | warm air molecules rising
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| conduction | show 🗑
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| Hs=Hm+-Hcd+-Hcv+-Hr-He | show 🗑
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| Hs | show 🗑
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| Hm | show 🗑
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| Hcd | show 🗑
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| show | heat gained/lost via convection
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| Hr | show 🗑
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| He | show 🗑
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| Temperature regulation by Arctic and Alpine plants | show 🗑
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| Temperature regulation by tropic alpine plants | show 🗑
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| show | decrease heating via conduction, increase convective cooling, reduce radiative heating
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| poikilotherms | show 🗑
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| show | rely mainly on external energy sources
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| endotherms | show 🗑
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| homeotherms | show 🗑
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| endothermic homeotherm "warm blooded" | show 🗑
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| ectothermic poikilotherm "cold blooded" | show 🗑
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| ectothermic homeotherm | show 🗑
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| endothermic poikilotherm | show 🗑
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| show | insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat, production
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| insulation | show 🗑
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| vasodilation | show 🗑
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| show | blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
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| countercurrent heat exchangers | show 🗑
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| Temperature regulation by endothermic animals: warming insect flight muscles | show 🗑
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| show | range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change
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| Metabolic rate of small animals | show 🗑
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| show | inactivity-seek shelter during extreme periods
reduce metabolic rate- enter a state of torpor
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| torpor | show 🗑
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| hibernation | show 🗑
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| estivation | show 🗑
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| water availability | show 🗑
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| show | water vapor density/saturation water vapor density(*100)
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| show | measured as the quantity of water vapor air can potentially hold
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| show | Water moves down concentration gradient, ie water is more concentrated in freshwater environments than in oceans
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| show | diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
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| isomotic | show 🗑
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| hypoosmotic | show 🗑
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| hyperosmotic | show 🗑
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| Which has the lowest water potential, dry air or soil? | show 🗑
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| water potential | show 🗑
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| Water regulation on land-animals | show 🗑
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| show | Animal's internal water
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| show | drinking water
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| Wf | show 🗑
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| Wa | show 🗑
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| We | show 🗑
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| show | Secretion/excretion
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| show | Waterproof outer coverings on terrestrial organisms, concentrated urine/feces, condensing water vapor in breath, behavioral modifications to avoid stress times, drop leaves in response to drought, thic leaves, few stomata, periodic dormancy
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| show | number of young born per female
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| fecundity rate | show 🗑
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| show | number of offspring, size of offspring, parental care, age at first reproduction, longevity, single verses multiple reproductive events
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| show | high survival rates of offspring and cost of parental care
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| show | if organisms use energy for one function such as growth, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced
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| show | Individuals delaying reproduction will grow faster and reach a larger size
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| show | a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio
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| show | deep pool in a stream
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| show | Thermophilic, psychrophilic
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| Where would an ecologist find the most phytoplankton in a lake? | show 🗑
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| Air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada and the Cascades. Which statement best describes the changes that these air masses undergo? | show 🗑
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| A freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in this saline water, it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death? | show 🗑
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| show | rising, warm, moist air masses cool and release precipitation as they rise and then at high altitude, cool and sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south of the tropics.
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| What causes Earth's seasons? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | spring and fall
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| What abiotic factor has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | the factors controlling the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms among ecosystem patches
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| The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero is called: | show 🗑
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| Metabolic heat (Hm) is the heat | show 🗑
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| Small, mobile and mostly microscopic organisms that live suspended in water are called | show 🗑
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| show | observations, experiments, and modeling, posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses, and statistical analysis.
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| Two woodpeckers, a rooster, 2 northern cardinals and 3 robins from your background will represent | show 🗑
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| Terrestrial environments show less temperature variations than aquatic environments, true or false | show 🗑
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