Weather Test 2; Sec2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| On clear, calm nights, objects near the earth's surface cool rapidly by what? | emitting infrared radiation
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| As surfaces such as twigs, leaves, and blades of grass cool below dew point temperature, water vapor begins to condense upon them, forming tiny visble specks of water called what? | dew
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| if the air temperature should drop to freezing or below, the dew will freeze, becoming tiny beads of ice called what? | frozen dew
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| Because the coolest air is usually at ground level, dew is more likely to do what? | form on blades of grass than on objects several meters above the surface
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| Averaged for an entire year in middle latitudes, dew yields a blanket of water between what? | 12-50mm thick
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| Dew is more likely to form on what kinds of nights? why? | Nights that are clear and calm; clear nights allow objects near the ground to cool rapidly by emitting infrared radiation, and calm winds mean that the coldest air will be located at ground level
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| Cloudy, windy weather that inhibits rapid cooling near the ground and the forming of dew often signifies what? | The approach of a rain-producing storm system
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| Visible white frost forms on what kind of mornings at what dew point temperature? | on cold, clear, calm mornings when the dew point temperature is at or below freezing
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| what is it called when the air temperature cools to the dew point? | frost point
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| What happens when air temperature cools to the dew point and further cooling occurs? | water vapor can change directly to ice without becoming liquid first-deposition
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| What is it called when water vapor changes directly to ice without becoming liquid first | Deposition
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| What are the delicate, white crystals of ice that form in the manner of deposition? | frost (also hoarfrost and white frost)
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| What has a treelike branching pattern that easily distingusihes it from the nearly spherical beads of frozen dew? | frost
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| What do the terms freeze and black frost refer to? | In very dry weather when the air temperature may become quite cold and drop below freezing without ever reaching the frost point, and no visible frost forms
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| What happens to relative humidity and to the air when air cools to the dew point? | relative humidity becomes 100% and air is saturated
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| To produce cloud droplets, what must be present? | there must be airborne particles on which water vapor can condense?
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| tiny particles upon whose surfaces condensation of water vapor begins in the atmosphere | condensation nuclei
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| Condensation nuclei that are quite small and have a radius less than 0.2 um? | Aitken nuclei
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| What are particles ranging in size from 0.2 to 1 um | large nuclei
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| What are particles that are larger and have a radii exceeding 1um? | giant nuclei
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| what is the condensation nuclei most favorable for producing clouds? | cloud condensation nuclei
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| What is the condensation nuclei that has radii of 0.1 um or more? | cloud condensation nuclei
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| Usually 100-1000 nuclei of what size exist in a cubic centimeter of air? | cloud condensation nuclei
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| How do cloud condensation nuclei enter the atmosphere? | dust, valcanoes, factory smoke, forest fires, salt from ocean spray, and even sulfate particles emitted by phytoplankton in the oceans
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| What provides the major source of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere? | sulfates
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| What happens because most particles are relased into the atmosphere near the ground? | the largest concentrations of nuclei are observed in the lower atmosphere the earth's surface
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| What happens because condensation nuclei are extremely light? | they can remain suspended in the air for days
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| Where are condensation nuclei most abundant? | over industrial cities, where highly poluted air may contain nearly 1 million particles per cubic centimeter?
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| "water-seeking" | hygroscopic
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| What are particles where water vapor condenses upon these surfaces when the relative humidity is considerably lower than 100% | hygroscopic
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| Why is it that in humid weather, it is difficult to pour salt from a shaker? | because water vapor condenses onto the salt crystals, sticking them together
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| "water-repelling" | hydrophoobic
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| What are particles such as oils, gasoline, and paraffin waxes that resists condensation even when the relative humidity is above 100% | hydrophobic
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| What is a layer of dust or salt particles suspended above the region? | haze
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| Why are distant objects usually more visible in the afternoon that in the morning? | During the warm afternoon the relative humidity of the air is often below the point where water vapor begins to condense, even on active hygroscopic nuclei
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| Tiny dry haze particles selectively scatter some rays of sunlight, while allowing others to penetrate the air. What does this scattering effect produce? | a bluish color when viewed against a dark background and a yellowish tint when viewed against a light colored background
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| what happens when relative humidity reaches about 75%? | condensation may begin on the most active hygroscopic nuclei, producing a wet haze
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| What happens when relative humidity increases from about 60% to 80%? | the scattering effect increases by a factor of nearly 3
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| Not only does wet haze restrict visibility more than dry haze, it also appears what color? | dull gray or white
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| Near seashores and in clean air over the open ocean, large salt particles suspended in the air with a high relative humidity oftend produce what? | a thin white veil across the horizon
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| What continually happens when water vapor condesnses onto hygroscopic nuclei at relative humidities as low at 75%? | the process of condensation begins
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| What happens as the relative humidity gradually approaches 100%? | the haze particles grow larger, and condensation begins on the less-active nuclei
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| What happens when visibility of relative humidity lowers to less than 1 km, and when the air is wet with countless millions of tiny floating water droplets? | the wet haze becomes a cloud resting near the ground (fog)
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| What is a cloud resting near to the ground? | fog
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| Is fog over dirty cities or over the ocean thicker? | cities
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| The smaller number of condensation nuclei over the middle of the ocean produce (more/less), but (bigger/smaller) | less; bigger
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| City air with its abundant nuclei produces many tiny fog droplets which greatly increases the thickness of what? and reduces what? | fog; visibility
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| What is fog that pollutes air that can turn acidic as the tiny liquid droplets combine with gaseous impurities, such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen? | Acid fog
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| What happens as tiny fog droplets grow larger? | They become heavier and tend to fall toward the earth
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| In what 2 ways does fog form? | by cooling (air is cooled below its saturation point); by evaporation and mixing (water vapor is added to the air by evaporation, and the moist air mixes with relatively dry air)
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| Once fog forms it is maintained by new fog droplets, which constantly form on what? | Available nuclei
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| How can the air cool so that a cloud will form near the surface? | Radiation and conduction are the primary means for cooling nighttime air near the ground
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| What is fog produced by the earth's radiaitonal cooling? | radiaiton fog
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| what is another name for radiation fog? | ground fog
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| When does radiaiton fog form best? | on clear nights when a shallow layer of moist air near the ground is overlain by drier air
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| HOW DOES A LIGHT BREEZE (of less than 5 knots) HELP PROMOTE THE FORMATION OF RADIATION FOG? | slight air movement brings more of the moist air in direct contact with the cold ground, and the transfer of heat occurs more repidly
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| How does a strong breeze tend to prevent radiation fog from forming? | By mixing the air near the surface with the drier air above
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| Why do we normally see radiation fog forming in low-lying areas? | because cold, heavy air drains downhill and collects in valley bottoms
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| Why is radiation fog frequently called valley fog? | heavy air drains downhill and collects in valley bottoms
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| What is another aspect that make river valleys susceptible to radiation fog? | the cold air and high moisture content in them
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| Radiation fogs form (downward/upward)from the ground as the night progresses and are usually the deepest around sunrise? | upward
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| When is an occasion where fog may form after sunrise? | when evaporation and mixing take place near the surface; this usually occurs at the end of a clear, calm night as radiational cooling brings the air temperature close to the dew point in a rather shallow layer above the ground
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| Fog does not "burn off" but rather, the sun does what? | penetrates the fog and warms the ground, causing the air temperature in contact with the ground to increase
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| The warm air rises and mixes with the foggy air above increasing what? | the temperature of the foggy air
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| In the slightly warmer air, some of the fog droplets evaporate, allowing more sunlight to reach the ground, which produces what? | more heating, and soon the fog completely evaporates and disappears
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| In terms of fog, what do satellite images show? | that a blanket of radiation fog tends to evaporate (burn off) first around its periphery, where the fog is usually thinnest
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| What happens when fog is thick, with little sunlight penetrating it, and there is little mixing along the outside edges? | the fog may dissipate
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| What is it called when the fog no longer touches the ground, and a strong inversion exists above it? | high inversion fog
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| What is the low cloud above the ground? | status, or high fog
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| How is cooling surface air to its saturation point accomplished? | by warm moist air moving over a cold surface
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| What occurs when warm, moist air moves over a cold surface and the air cools to below its dew point | advection fog
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| What is a good example of advection fog? | the Pacific Coast during the summer
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| What is the main reason fog forms over the Pacific coast during the summer? | the surface water near the coast is much colder than the surface water farther offshore; warm moist air from pacific is carried by winds over cold coastal water; air temp drops and fog is produced
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| How is advection fog different than radiation fog? | it always involves the movement of air, so when there is a stiff summer breeze
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| As summer winds carry the fog inland over the warmer land, what happens? | The fog near the ground dissipates, leaving a sheet of low-lying gray clouds that block out the sun
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| Why is advection fogs important to the scenic beauty of the Pacific coast? | they provide moisture to the coastal redwoo trees
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| How does advection fog help redwood trees? | much of the fog moisture collected by the needles and branches of the redwoods drips to the ground (fog drip) where it is utilized by the tree's shallow root system
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| What fog prevails where two ocean currents with different temperatures flow next to one another? | Advection fog
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| Why does advection fog form over land? | In winter, warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico moves northward over progressively colder an dslightly elevated lands; as the air coolts to its saturation point, a fog forms in the southern US
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| What causes advection-radiation fog? | because the cold ground is often the result of radiational cooling
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| What is fog that forms as relatively warm moist air moves over a colder surface that cooled mainly by radiational cooling? | advection-radiation fog
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| How is an ice fog produced? | in extremely cold arctic air when ice crystals form instead of water droplets
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| When does radiation fog tend to form? | on clear, relatively calm nights when cool, moist surface air is overlain by drier air and rapid radiational cooling occurs
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| When does advection fog form? | when the wind moves moist air over a cold surface and the moist air cools to its dew point
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| What is fog that forms as moist air flows up along an elevated plain, hill, or mountain? | upslope fog
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| When does upslope typically form? | during the winter and springon the eastern side of the rockies, where the eastward-sloping plains are nearly a kilometer higher than the land farther east
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| When does upslope fog form? | as moist air slowly rises, cools, and condenses over elevated terrain
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| What happens as cold air moves from the lower eastern plains westward? | the air gradually rises, expands, become cooler, and if sufficiently moist-a fog form
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| what is a fog form that lasts over an extensive area for many days? | upslope fogs
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| What is a fog that forms by the mixing of two unsaturated masses of air? | evaporation for
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| What is a common form of evaporation-mixing fog that forms when cold air moves over warm water? | steam fog
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| What kind of fog forms above a heated swimming pool in the winter? | steam fog
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| What is a column of condensed vapor that rises from a fog layer that whirs which appears similar to the dust devils on land | steam devils
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| Over the ocean in polar regions, steam fog is referred to as what? | arctic sea smoke
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| Steam fog may form above a wet surface on a sunny day, what is this fog commonly observed after? | after a rainshower as sunlight shines on a wet road, heats the asphalt, and quickly evaporates the water
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| What is another name for frontal fog? | precipitation fog
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| What is fog produced when sufficient water vapor is added to the air by evaporation, and the moist air mixes with relatively drier are. | frontal fog
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| In the US, where is fog dense more prevalent? | In coastal margins (especially those regions lapped by cold ocean curents
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| Where is the foggiest spot near sea level in US? | Cape Disappointment, Washington
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| Where is there 2556 hours of dense fog each year in the US? | mouth of Columbia River
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| the amount of time the air temperature during the winter must remain below a certain value so that fruit and nut trees will grow properly during the spring and summer? | Winter chilling
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| What are extra head lamps that are just above bumper that are directed downward into the clear space where they provide iimproved visiblity | fog lamps
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| Are fog reglated problems confined to land? | no, dense fog in the open sea hampers navigation
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| dew, frost, and frozen dew generally form on what kinds of nights? | clear nights when the temperature of objects on the surface cools below the air's dew-point temp
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| Visible white frost forms in saturated air when the air temperature is at or below what? | freezing
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| What is the process where water vapor can change directly to ice | deposition
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| a visible aggregate of tiny water droplets or ice crystals supspended in the air? | clouds
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| latin word for stratus? | layer
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| Latin name for cumulus | heap
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| latin word for cirrus | curl of hair
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| latin word for nimbus | violent rain
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| sheet like cloud | stratus
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| puffy cloud | cumulus
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| wispy cloud | cirrus
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| rain cloud | nimbus
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| 3 high clouds | Cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
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| 2 middle clouds | altostratus, altocumulus
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| 3 low clouds | stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus
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| 2 clouds with vertical developmet | cumulus, cumulonimbus
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| cloud group above 6000 m (20,000 ft) | high clouds
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| cloud group where air is quite cold and dry, high clouds are composed almost exclusively of ice crystals and are also thin | high clouds
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| Cloud group where clouds appear white, except near sunrise and sunset, when the unscattered components of sunlight are reflected from underside of clouds | high clouds
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| clouds that are thing, wispy clouds blown by high winds into long streamers (mares' tails) | cirrus
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| clouds that look like a white, feathery patch with a faint wisp of a tail at one end | cirrus
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| clouds that usually move across the sky from west to eat, indicating the prevailing winds at their elevation, and generally point to fair, pleasant weather | cirrus
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| clouds that are seen less frequently than cirrus, appear as small, rounded, white puffs that may occur individually or in long rows | cirrocumulus
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| clouds that have a rippling appearance that resemble scales of fish ("mackerel sky") | cirrocumulus
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| cloud that seldom cover more than a small portion of the sky | cirrocumulus
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| thin sheetlike clouds that often cover the entire sky | cirrostratus
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| clouds that are thin that the sun and moon can be clearly seen through them | cirrostratus
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| clouds where ice crystals bend the light passing through them and will often produce a halo (ring of light that encircles the sun or moon) | cirrostratus
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| clouds that give sky a glary white appearance and fequently form ahead of an advancing storm-can be used to predict rain or snow within 12-24 hours | cirrostratus
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| cloud group based 2000-7000 m (6500 to 23,000 ft) | middle clouds
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| cloud group that is composed of water droplets and -when temperatures become low enough-some ice crystals | middle clouds
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| clouds that are composed mostly of water droplets and are rarely more than 1 km thick | altocumulous
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| cloud that appears as gray, puffy masses, sometimes rolled out in parallel waves or bands | altocumulus
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| cloud where one part is darker than another, which helps to separate it from the higher cirrocumulus | altocumulus
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| cloud that looks like little castles (castellanus) in the sky indicating the presence of rising air at cloud level | altocumulus
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| cloud where apprearance come on warm, humid summer morning often portends thunderstorms by late afternoon | altocumlus
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| cloud that is a gray or blue-gray cloud composed of ice crystals and water droplets | altostratus
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| what clouds cover the entire sky across an area that extends over many hundreds of square kilometers? | altostratus
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| In the thinner section of what clouds, the sun or moon may be dimly visible as a round disk, as if the sun were shinning through ground glass; what is this appearance referred to? | altostratus; watery sun
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| What clouds often form ahead of storms having widespread and relatively continuous precipitation | altostratus
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| with what cloud, if precipitation falls from an altostratus, its base usually lowers? | altostratus
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| what cloud is classified if precipitation reaches the ground? | nimbostratus
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| What cloud group has bases lying below 2000 m (65000 ft) | low clouds
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| what cloud group almost always composed of water droplets; but in cold weather contain ice particles and snow | low clouds
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| clouds that are dark gray wet-looking cloudy layer associated with more or less continuously falling rain or now | nimbostratus
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| How intense is the precipitation in the nimbostratus? | usually light or moderate-never heavy
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| What is the base of the nimbostratus cloud like? | is normally impossible to identify clearly and its top may be over 3 km higher
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| since lower clouds drift rapidly with the wind, they form irregular shreds with a ragged appearance called what? | stratus fractus, or scud
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| What clouds are low lumpy clouds that appear in rows, in patches, or as rounded masses with blue sky visible between the individual cloud elements | stratocumulus
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| clouds that appear near sunset as the spreading reamins of a much larger cumulus cloud | stratocumulus
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| Occasianlly, the sun will shine through the cloud breaks producing band of light that appear to reach the ground called what? | crepuscular rays
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| What cloud is a uniform grayish cloud that often covers the entire sky? | stratus
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| what cloud resembles a fog that does not reach the ground | stratus
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| Normally, no precipitation falls from these clouds, but sometimes it is accompanied by a light mist or drizzle | stratus
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| what cloud commonly occurs over Pacific and Atlantic coastal water in summer | Stratus
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| what cloud takes on a variety of shapes, but most often it looks like a piece of floating cotton with sharp outline and a flat base | cumulus
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| Scattered convective clouds with a flat base | cumulus
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| What cloud has lots of blue sky between the individual cloud elements | cumulus
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| What cloud burns off after sunset | cumulus
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| cumulus cloud associated with weather | cumulus humilis
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| ragged-edge cumulus clouds that are smaller than cumulus humilis and scattered across the sky | cumulus fractus
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| cloud resembes head of cauliflower | cumulus congestus, or towering cumulus
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| a thunderstorm cloud | cumulonimbus
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| cloud develops electrical charges-thunder and lightning | cumulonimbus
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| cloud may produce severe weather-tornadoes, hailstorms, lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall | cumulonimbus
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| cloud may tower into the stratosphere | cumulonimbus
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| clouds have flattened anvil-shaped tops | cumulonimbus
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| severe clouds often develop ahead of the cold fronts, bringing severe weather | cumulonimbus
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