AP Psych - Ch 6
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| Learning | A relatively durable change in behavior or knowlegde that is due to experience
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| Phobias | Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
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| Classical conditioning | The most common name of a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
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| Pavlonian Conditionning | Another name for classical conditioning derived from the name of the person who originally discovered the conditioning phenomenon
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| Concurent schedules of reinforcement | Two or more reinforcement schedules simultaneously available for two or more different responses
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| Unconditioned Stimulus UCS | A stimulus that evokes an UCR
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| Uncoditioned Response UCR | The response to a UCS
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| Conditoned Stimulus CS | A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke conditionning
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| Conditioned Response CR | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
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| Elicit | To draw out or bring forth [classical conditioning]
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| Trial | Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning
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| Acquisition | The formation of a new response tendency
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| Matching Law | Under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, rate of responding tends to match the rate of reingorcement available on ach alternative response
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| Extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency
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| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditoned stimulus
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| Stimulus generalization | Occurs when an organism reponds to new stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in conditioning
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| Stimulus discrimination | Occurs when an organism learns to not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in condtioning
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| Higher-order conditioning | Occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
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| Operant conditoning | This term, introduced by Skinner, refers to learning in which voluntary responses come to be controled by their consequences
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| Instrumental Learning | Another name for operant conditioning, this term was introduced earlier by THorndike
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| Law of Effect | Law stating that if a respoonse in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
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| Reinforcement | Occurs when an event following a response strengthens the tendency to make that response
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| Skinner box | Standard operatn chamber in which an animal's respinses are controlled and recorded
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| Emit | Production of voluntary responses in responding operant conditioning
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| Reinforcement Contigencies | The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers or the relationship between a reponse and positive consequences
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| Cumulative recorder | Device that creates a graphic record of operant ressponding as a function of time
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| Shaping | THe reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
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| Optimal foraging strategy | The food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to energy expended to locate and eat the foods
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| Resistance to extinction | Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
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| Discriminative Stimuli | Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
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| Primary reinforcers | Stimulus events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
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| Secondary reinforcers | Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
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| Schedule of reinforcement | A specific pattern of presentation reinforcers over time
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| Continuous reinforcement | Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
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| Interminent reinforcement | The name for all schedules of reinforcement in which designated responses is reinforced some of the time
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| FR Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
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| VR Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
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| FI Schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval
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| VI Schedule | the reinforcer is given after the first response that occurs after a variable time interval
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| Positive reinforcement | occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the arrival of a rewarding stimulus
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| Negative Reinforcement | occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
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| Escape Learning | occurs when an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
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| Avoidance Learning | Occurs when an organims engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occuring
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| Punishment | Occurs when an event that follows a response weakens the tendency to make that response
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| Instinctive drigs | Occurs when an animals innate response tendencies interfere with conditoning processes
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| Observational Learning | Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
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| Behavioral modifications | A systematic approach o changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
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| Antecedents | Events that typically preced your target bahavior and may play a major role in governing your target response; also another term fro discriminative stimuli
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| Token economy | A system for distrubuting symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers
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| Behavioral Contract | A written agreement outlining a promise to adher to the contigencies of a behavior modification program
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| Partial reinforcement | When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time another name for intemittent reinforcemnt
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| Conditioned reinforcement | Another name for a secondary reinforcer
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| Preparedness | A species specific predisposition to be conditioned in a certain ways and not in others
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| Operant chamber | A small enclosure in which an animals reponses are recorded and followed by specific consequences. a skinner box
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