MRO module 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Subject contrast | The contrast that results from differences in tissue density in the patient
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| The three controlling factors of radiographic contrast are what? | 1)kVp 2)Subject contrast 3)Image receptor
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| Potential difference | Aka electric potential; potential energy per unit charge
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| Kinetic energy | The energy of an object in motion
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| Penetrometer | Step wedge; a device for measuring the penetrability of x-rays
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| What are the four general tissue groups? | Fat, Muscle, Water, Bone (subject contrast)
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| Photoelectric effect | The process that occurs when an incident x-ray photon is absorbed by the atom it strikes and an electron is ejected from the inner shell of that atom
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| Which of the four general tissue groups has the highest effective atomic number? Bone, Fat, Muscle, or Water? | Bone has the highest effective atomic number of the tissue groups
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| What is the primary x-ray absorber in bone? | Calcium
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| Muscle can vary greatly in the way it affects the x-ray beam. This due to: 1)Hydration level 2)Tissue thickness 3)Age? | All
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| The lower the kVp, the higher the resultant contrast. |
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| The following are calculated differences between adjacent densities. Which of the following represents low contrast? 1)1.8 2)1.5 3)1.0 4)0.5 | 4) 0.5
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| The following are x-ray photon energies. Which one is more likely to contribute to the darkest shades of an image? 1)20KeV 2)30KeV 3)50KeV 4)100KeV | 4)100 KeV. (The greater the photon energy, the more penetration that occurs in the tissue and the darker that area in the image will be)
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| kVp is the primary controlling factor in determining contrast because it: | Determines the penetrating power
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| The way x-rays interact with bone will vary with: | Age, Pathology, and Health
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| Film contrast | The inherent ability of a radiographic film to record a range of densities
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| Emulsion | The layer in the film that contains the silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin
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| What are the five layers in intensifying screen? | 1)Backing (base) 2)Reflective layer 3)Active layer (phosphor layer) 4)Abrasion layer (protective layer) 5)Edge seal
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| Layers of film are? | 1)Base 2)Adhesive layer 3)Emulsion layer 4)Protective layer. (Remember that the base is in the center and these layers will be on both sides of the base)
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| Base | a layer of polyester with a blue dye added to reduce eye strain. It provides the foundation for the emulsion layers and the film itself.
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| Adhesive layer | layers of adhesive (one on each side of the base) to bond the base to the emulsion
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| Emulsion layer | The emulsion is the heart of the film and is made of silver halide crystals and a suspension medium
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| Protective layer | supercoat or overcoat layers that protect the emulsion from damage. These are the layers that are physically touched when film is handled.
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| Sensitivity specks | Impurities in the film emulsion that attract silver ions produced when x-rays interact with the silver halide crystals; these clumps of silver ions are converted into black metallic silver by the development process
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| Reducing agents | A substance capable of donating electrons to another substance, thereby reducing the second substance and itself becoming oxidized.
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| With intensifying screens the emission of many light photons per x-ray interaction is called what? | Conversion efficiency
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| Where does black metallic formation begin? | Sensitivity speck
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| In general purpose x-ray film, which layer is not duplicated? | Base
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| Which layer of the film is manufactured to help reduce eye strain? | The base
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| Scatter decreases contrast |
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| Grids increase contrast |
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| Development fog | A generalized graying of a radiograph that results when unexposed silver crystals in the film are developed
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| Compensating filtration will decrease contrast. T or F? | True
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| An increase in developer time will have what effect on contrast? | Decreases it
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| Increasing OID can have an effect on radiographic contrast similar to a grid. T or F? | True
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| Collimation has what effect on image contrast? | Increases it
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| A grid will decrease scatter production. T or F? | False
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| Scatter radiation has what effect on scale of contrast? | Decreases it
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| Which tissue group will likely have the greatest number of compton effects? | Muscle
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| Which tissue group has the lower water content? | Fat
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| Which tissue group has the highest water content? | Muscle
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| X-ray energy is converted to light in which layer of the intensifying screen? | Active layer
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| Which layer of the film contains the silver halide crystals? | Emulsion
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| Once the silver halide crystals are exposed, the sensitivity speck will first acquire what charge? | Negative
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| Why is scatter exposure undesirable? | Decreases contrast
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| What is the x-ray absorbing material in grids? | Lead
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| Collimation acts to reduce scatter and its resultant image fog primarily by what? | Limiting area of exposure
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| Compensating filters in effect increase tissue thickness and density. T or F? | True
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| Which OID would result in the greatest increase in radiographic contrast? 1 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, 12 inches? | 12 inches
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| A positive contrast media will have what effect on radiographic contrast? | Increase
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