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MRO module 3

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Subject contrast   The contrast that results from differences in tissue density in the patient  
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The three controlling factors of radiographic contrast are what?   1)kVp 2)Subject contrast 3)Image receptor  
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Potential difference   Aka electric potential; potential energy per unit charge  
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Kinetic energy   The energy of an object in motion  
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Penetrometer   Step wedge; a device for measuring the penetrability of x-rays  
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What are the four general tissue groups?   Fat, Muscle, Water, Bone (subject contrast)  
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Photoelectric effect   The process that occurs when an incident x-ray photon is absorbed by the atom it strikes and an electron is ejected from the inner shell of that atom  
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Which of the four general tissue groups has the highest effective atomic number? Bone, Fat, Muscle, or Water?   Bone has the highest effective atomic number of the tissue groups  
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What is the primary x-ray absorber in bone?   Calcium  
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Muscle can vary greatly in the way it affects the x-ray beam. This due to: 1)Hydration level 2)Tissue thickness 3)Age?   All  
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The lower the kVp, the higher the resultant contrast.    
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The following are calculated differences between adjacent densities. Which of the following represents low contrast? 1)1.8 2)1.5 3)1.0 4)0.5   4) 0.5  
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The following are x-ray photon energies. Which one is more likely to contribute to the darkest shades of an image? 1)20KeV 2)30KeV 3)50KeV 4)100KeV   4)100 KeV. (The greater the photon energy, the more penetration that occurs in the tissue and the darker that area in the image will be)  
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kVp is the primary controlling factor in determining contrast because it:   Determines the penetrating power  
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The way x-rays interact with bone will vary with:   Age, Pathology, and Health  
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Film contrast   The inherent ability of a radiographic film to record a range of densities  
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Emulsion   The layer in the film that contains the silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin  
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What are the five layers in intensifying screen?   1)Backing (base) 2)Reflective layer 3)Active layer (phosphor layer) 4)Abrasion layer (protective layer) 5)Edge seal  
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Layers of film are?   1)Base 2)Adhesive layer 3)Emulsion layer 4)Protective layer. (Remember that the base is in the center and these layers will be on both sides of the base)  
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Base   a layer of polyester with a blue dye added to reduce eye strain. It provides the foundation for the emulsion layers and the film itself.  
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Adhesive layer   layers of adhesive (one on each side of the base) to bond the base to the emulsion  
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Emulsion layer   The emulsion is the heart of the film and is made of silver halide crystals and a suspension medium  
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Protective layer   supercoat or overcoat layers that protect the emulsion from damage. These are the layers that are physically touched when film is handled.  
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Sensitivity specks   Impurities in the film emulsion that attract silver ions produced when x-rays interact with the silver halide crystals; these clumps of silver ions are converted into black metallic silver by the development process  
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Reducing agents   A substance capable of donating electrons to another substance, thereby reducing the second substance and itself becoming oxidized.  
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With intensifying screens the emission of many light photons per x-ray interaction is called what?   Conversion efficiency  
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Where does black metallic formation begin?   Sensitivity speck  
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In general purpose x-ray film, which layer is not duplicated?   Base  
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Which layer of the film is manufactured to help reduce eye strain?   The base  
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Scatter decreases contrast    
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Grids increase contrast    
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Development fog   A generalized graying of a radiograph that results when unexposed silver crystals in the film are developed  
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Compensating filtration will decrease contrast. T or F?   True  
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An increase in developer time will have what effect on contrast?   Decreases it  
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Increasing OID can have an effect on radiographic contrast similar to a grid. T or F?   True  
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Collimation has what effect on image contrast?   Increases it  
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A grid will decrease scatter production. T or F?   False  
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Scatter radiation has what effect on scale of contrast?   Decreases it  
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Which tissue group will likely have the greatest number of compton effects?   Muscle  
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Which tissue group has the lower water content?   Fat  
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Which tissue group has the highest water content?   Muscle  
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X-ray energy is converted to light in which layer of the intensifying screen?   Active layer  
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Which layer of the film contains the silver halide crystals?   Emulsion  
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Once the silver halide crystals are exposed, the sensitivity speck will first acquire what charge?   Negative  
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Why is scatter exposure undesirable?   Decreases contrast  
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What is the x-ray absorbing material in grids?   Lead  
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Collimation acts to reduce scatter and its resultant image fog primarily by what?   Limiting area of exposure  
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Compensating filters in effect increase tissue thickness and density. T or F?   True  
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Which OID would result in the greatest increase in radiographic contrast? 1 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, 12 inches?   12 inches  
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A positive contrast media will have what effect on radiographic contrast?   Increase  
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