Unit 1 Physics as
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| scalar | A physical quantity with magnitude ( size) but not direction e.g. speed, distance, pressure, potential difference, density, energy
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| vector | A physical quantity with magnitude ( size) and direction e.g. velocity, acceleration, force.
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| Displacement | Distance travelled in a particular direction. Therefore a vector.
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| Instantaneous speed | The speed of an object at a given moment in time.
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| Average speed | A measure of the total distance travelled in a unit of time
Average speed =Distance/time
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| Velocity (v) | Displacement per unit time
Average velocity =
displacement/ time= s/t
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| Acceleration (a) | The rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration= change in velocity/ time
a= ∆v/∆t
a= ((v-u))/t
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| Newtons second law | Net force = mass x acceleration
F=ma
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| The newton | Unit of force. 1N is the force that gives a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1ms-2
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| Drag | The resistive force that acts on a body when it moves through a fluid
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| Weight (W) | The gravitational force acting on an object measured in newtons
Weight = mass x acceleration due to free fall
W=mg
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| Terminal velocity | The velocity at which an object’s drag equals its accelerating force. Therefore there is no resultant force and zero acceleration
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| Equilibrium | When the net force and net moment on an extended object is zero
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| Centre of gravity | This is the point where the entire weight of an object appears to act
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| Triangle of forces | If three forces acting at a point can be represented by the sides of a triangle, the forces are in equilibrium
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| Couple | This is a pair of forces that tends to produce rotation only. They are two forces that are equal in size but act in opposite directions but not in the same straight line.
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| Torque of a couple | The turning effect due to a couple
Torque = one of forces x perpendicular distance between the forces.
Torque = Fd
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| Moment of a force | The turning effect due to a single force. Calculated from the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from a given point
Moment = force x perpendicular distance from a given point (pivot/fulcrum).
Moment = Fx
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| Principle of moments | For a body in rotational equilibrium the sum of the clockwise moments equals the sum of the anticlockwise
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| Density | The mass per unit volume
Density=m/V
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| Pressure(p) | Force per unit area
Note 1Pa=1Nm-2
P=F/A
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| Thinking distance | The distance travelled from seeing the need to stop to applying the brakes.
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| Braking distance | The distance travelled by a vehicle whilst decelerating to a stop.
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| Stopping distance | The distance a vehicle travels while decelerating to stop.The sum of the thinking distance and braking distance.
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| Crumple zone | An area of a vehicle designed to increase the distance over which the vehicle decelerates and so reduce the average force acting.
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| Work done by a force(W) | The product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force
Note. Work is done when energy is transfer of energy .
W= Fx or W = Fx Cosθ
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| The joule | This is a unit of energy. 1 J is the work done when a force of 1N moves its point of application 1m in the direction of the force.
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| Conservation of energy | States that energy cannot be created or destroyed , just converted from one form to another or transferred from one place to another.
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| power | Rate of work done
Power = workdone/time
Power=(energy transfer)/time
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| The watt | A unit of power. 1 watt is 1J of energy transferred per second
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| efficiency | The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy
State that the efficiency of a device is always less than
Efficiency= (useful output energy)/(total input energy) x
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| Tensile force | Usually two equal and opposite force acting on a wire in order to stretch it.
When both forces have to value T , the tensile force is T not 2T
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| Compressive force | Two or more forces that have the effect on reducing the volume of the object on which they are acting or reducing the length.
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| Extension(x) | The change in length of an object when subjected to a tension.
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| Elastic limit | The point at which elastic deformation becomes plastic deformation.
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| Limit of proportionality | The point at which an object no longer obeys Hooke’s Law
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| Hooke’s law | The extension of an elastic body is proportional to the force that causes it.
F=kx
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| Force constant(k) | Force per unit extension or compression.
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| Elastic potential energy | The energy stored in a stretched or compressed object (e.g. a spring)
E = ½ Fx
E= ½ kx^2
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| stress | The force per cross-sectional area.
Stress=force/(cross sectional area)
Stress = F/A
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| strain | The extension per unit length
Strain = extension/length
Strain =x/l
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| Young’s modulus (Y) | The ratio between stress and strain.
Y =stress/strain
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| Ultimate tensile strength | The maximum tensile force that can be applied to an object before it breaks.
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| Breaking stress | The maximum stress that can be applied to an object before it breaks.
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| Elastic deformation | The object will return to its original shape when the deforming force is removed
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| Plastic deformation | The object will not return to its original shape when the deforming force is removed, it becomes permanently deformed.
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| Ductile material | Materials that have a large plastic region and can therefore can be drawn into a wire e.g. copper
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| Brittle material | A material that distorts very little even when subject to a large stress and does not exhibit any plastic deformation e.g. concrete.
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| Polymeric material | A material made of many smaller molecules bonded together, often making a tangle knot of chains e.g. rubber. These materials often exhibit very large strains e.g. 300%
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