Notes, Test, Homework
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Order of Magnitude Reasoning | quick approx answer to a problem.
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| Scale analysis | how big are the terms in an equation? want to throw out the unimportant terms
-estimating typical order of magnitude of terms in governing equations
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| Newtons 2nd Law | F=Ma
can use because earth's atmosphere has mass
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| contiuum mechanics | object is a tiny infintesimal chunk of fluid(liquid or gas) or an elastic solid
-dynamics os branch of this
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| What 2 forces act on blobs of air? | body forces and surface forces
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| body force | force on an object is proportinal to mass of object. Force due to action at a distance
ex: gravity
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| surface force | forces on an object is porportional to surface area of object. force due to contact of object with surroundings. force exerted on surface of fluid element by outside fluid
ex: pressure force, friction
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| Pressure Gradient Force | considering the net pressure forece acting on a blob of air
force is proportional to gradient of p
-acts in opposite direction of grad p
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| Gravitational Force | applies to 2 forces w mass M and m.
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| Viscous force | Friction force
-force due to molecular friction
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| inertial reference frames | non accelerating frames
-stationary or moves at constant velocity
F=Ma is with real forces(only true for intertial reference frames)
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| non-inertial reference frame | speeds up or rotates
-it accelerates
-we use this one because fixed point on earth(earth rotates)
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| F=ma can be modified to use for non-inertial frame. Introduce what 2 apparent forces? | apparent force=due to acceleration of the reference frame
-centrifugal and Coriolis force
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| geopotential? | work pum required to lift a mass from earth's surface to a height z
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| latitude | rotation east and west for spherical coords
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| meridian | rotation north and south for spherical coords
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| Exact way, almost exact way, quick-n-dirty way are used to find what? | distances due to coriolis force. hockey puck
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| if atmosphere is at rest then... | coriolis force=0
friction=0
acceleration=0
p isnt a function of x or y so have hydrostatic equation
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| density is bigger for ___ air | colder
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| relation between definite integral and average | average=have a dependent variable, independent variable and interval of independent variable.
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| independent variable | time or space
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| dependent variable | temp, pressure, u or v
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| hypsometric equation | transform hydrostatic equation to treat z as dependent variable and p as independent variable
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| thickness is proportional to ___ in a layer | temperature
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| when to use isobaric coords? | when hydrostatic approx is available
-uses pressure as the vertical coord(not z)
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| lagrangian | describe how quantities change with time for an air parcel following the motion
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| dependent variables of lagrangian | x(t), y(t), z(t)
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| independent variables of lagrangian | t
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| Eularian | describe how quantities change with time at a fixed point in space(not following blob)
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| independent variables of eularian | x(t), y(t), z(t), t
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| degrees into radians | multiply degree by 2 pi/360
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| typical radius for low pressure system | 1000 km
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| typical radius for a tornado | 100 m
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| typical horizontal length of tornado | 100m-1000m
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| typical horizontal length of cumulonimbus | 1 km-10 km
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| typical horizontal length of fronts (width) | 10 km-100 km
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| typical horizontal length of H or L pressure systems | 1000 km
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| starting point for dynamics is ___. translate this law into different equations to understand/predict air morion(weather) | newtons 2nd law
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| F=ma means | sum of forces acting on object=mass of object+acceleration of object
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| a=? | Dv/Dt
v= velocity
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| V=? | Dr/Dt
r=position vector
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| pgf equation? | F/m=-1/row(grad p)
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| magnitude of grad p is big when | there is close packing of isobars
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| newtons law of gravitation? | Fg=(-GMm/r^2)(r vector/r)
Fg= gravitational force on m due to M
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| r vector | directed distance between 2 masses, points from big mass M to little mass m
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| rvector/r | r hat (is of unit length)
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| Fg is ___ proportional to the square of the distance between 2 masses | inversely
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| G | universal gravitational constant
6.67*10^/-11 Nm^2/Kg^2
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| g* | Fg/m
gravitational force per unit mass
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| a | 6370 km
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| in troposphere, z<__km so r=Z+_=_ | 15, a,z
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| mass of earth | M=4/3(pi)(a^3)(density of earth)
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| N | kg*m/s^2
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| density of earth | 5520 kg/m^3
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| no-slip condition | molecular friction causes fluid to stick to solid objects/boundaries
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| steady state condition | d( )/dt=0
stops changing in time
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| sheearing stress | proportional to vertical derivative of x-comp velocity
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| newtons 3rd law | fluid below box above it exerts equal and opposite force on bottom face
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| real forces | gravitational, pgf, viscous force
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| earth rotates with angular velocity __ | omega
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| if rotating, observers in that reference frame are ___ to be subject to a ___ force | perceived, centrifugal
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| gravity force pum | gravitational force pum + centrifugal force pum
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| centrifugal force= | m*omega^2*R(vector)
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| u absolute= | omega*R
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| magnitude of omega= | 7.27*10^-5 1/s
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| coriolis force= | m(-2omegaxu)
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| components of coriolis force | Fx=m(2omegavsin(latitude)-2omegawcos(latitude))
Fy=m(-2omegausin(latitude))
Fz=m(2omegaucos(latitude))
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| if puck stays on flat ice | z(t)=constant
so w(t)=0
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| horizontal equations of motion(with w=0) | du/dt=2omegavsin(latitude)
dv/dt=-2omegausin(latitude)
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| f | 2omegasin(latitude)
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| hydrostatic equation is an ___ equation for ___ atmosphere | exact, resting
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| hydrostatic is a good approx for real moving atmosphere except when | vertical accelerations are large (supercell, tornado)
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| integrating hydrostatic shows | at any point in the resting atmosphere, pressure=weight(per unit area) of all air above it
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| p(H) | (e^-1)Po
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| ___ on constant z-surface carry same info as height contours on ____ | isobars, isobaric surface
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| local derivative of T used for | eularian
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| geosynchronous orbit | hover over the same location on earth
-angular velocity of object and eaerth are the same
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| absolute | as observed in an inertial reference frame
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