final anatomy exam!
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on it to display the answer.
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| 4.The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the | show 🗑
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| show | An increase in production of ADH
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| show | Transitional
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| show | - When arterial blood pressure drops
- when the NaCl level of the filtrate is low
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| show | Interlobar
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| show | Adrenal Glands
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| show | Arcuate
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| show | it drains into an efferent arteriole rather than a venule
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| 16.The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because | show 🗑
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| show | Bowman's capsule & glomerulus
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| show | Nephron
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| show | regulating the rate of filtration formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
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| 20.The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Each kidney is connected to the urinary bladder by a ureter. The ureter is a muscular tube. It is about 25 to 28 cm long. The ureter consists of three layers of tissue which are the fibrous coat, Muscular coat, and the Mucosa
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| show | Interlobular
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| show | The stretching of the bladder wall
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| show | Osmosis
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| 26.Describe electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules | show 🗑
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| 27.The macula densa cells respond to | show 🗑
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| The fluid in the glomerular 29.(Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of | show 🗑
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| 30.Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it | show 🗑
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| show | Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
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| 32.An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is | show 🗑
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| 33.What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | show 🗑
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| 34.List the parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | show 🗑
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| 37.Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by | show 🗑
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| 38.While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is | show 🗑
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| 39.The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is | show 🗑
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| show | appear in the urine
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| 41.If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
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| 45.The disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is | show 🗑
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| 46.The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle is called the | show 🗑
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| show | anuria
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| show | Renal calculi
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| 49.The areas on either side of the renal pyramids are called the renal | show 🗑
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| show | trigone
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| 51.The _______ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched | show 🗑
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| 52.The renal clearance rate equation is RC = | show 🗑
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| show | Pyuria
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| show | Obligatory
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| 56.Explain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries | show 🗑
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| 57.List three substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities | show 🗑
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| 58.Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance. | show 🗑
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| show | Cotransport: actives transport of one solute with movement of another during tubular reabsorption.
- Transport Maximum: Reflects tht number of carriers in the renal tubules
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| show |
- Glomerular hydrostatic: the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane
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| 61.List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure | show 🗑
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| 61.List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Water-filled pores in water-permeable portions of the convoluted tubules such as the PCT
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| 64.Freshly voided urine has very little smell, but shortly after voiding it can take a very strong smell, why? | show 🗑
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| show | Swelling caused by watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body
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| show | inadequate secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex
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| Aldosterone | show 🗑
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| Osmoreceptors | show 🗑
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| show | - Sodium Ions: Extracellular -Potassium Ions: Intracellular - Phosphate ions: Intracellular
- Bicarbonate: Intracellular -Proteins: Intracellular and Extracellular
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| show | - two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment the rest is in the extracellular
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| 70.Edema may result from | show 🗑
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| 71.The fluid link between the external and internal environment is | show 🗑
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| 72.Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most _____ is found in the intracellular fluid. | show 🗑
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| show | - K+ mainly in the cells, Na + in the body fluids
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| show | potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
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| show | osmotic and hydrostatic forces
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| show | may be disturbed due to higher loss of electrolytes on hot days
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| 77.Describe the role of Parathyroid hormone | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid
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| show | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Plasma is extracellular
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| 81.Disorders of water balance include | show 🗑
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| show | involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
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| 83.One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is | show 🗑
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| 84.Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? | show 🗑
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| 35. Describe the process of tubular reabsorption | show 🗑
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| 28.List the materials that are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? | show 🗑
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| show | Water is conserved and the urine becomes concentrated. The water that passes through these regions is reabsorbed by the body in order to prevent dehydration
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| show | prostaglandins: regulate GFR, Nitric oxide: produced by vascular endothelium, Adenosine: constricts renal vasculature, endothelin: inhibits renin release
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| show | •Electrolytes-dissociate in water
•Nonelectrolytes-do not dissociate
•Extracellular- the fluid compartments outside the cell
•Intracellular- fluid compartments located within the cell
•Interstitial-spaces between cells
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| show | •Hypermagnesemia-magnesium excess
•Hypocalcemia-calcium depletion
•Hypernatremia-sodium excess
•Hyperkalemia-potassium excess
•Hyponatremia-sodium depletion
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| 86.List those functions that depend on the presence of electrolytes? | show 🗑
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| 85.The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is | show 🗑
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| 87.Describe the regulation of potassium balance | show 🗑
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| 88.The term hypotonic hydration refers to | show 🗑
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| 89.Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by | show 🗑
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| show | •aldosterone
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| 91.Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is | show 🗑
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| 92. The female hormone ________ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney. | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen phosphate
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| 94.The most important hormone that regulates calcium ions in the body is _____ | show 🗑
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| show | •Atrial natriuretic peptide
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| 96.Describe the influence of rising PTH levels on bone and the kidneys | show 🗑
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| 96.Describe the influence of rising PTH levels on the small intestine | show 🗑
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| 97.When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes), ADH is released. What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules? | show 🗑
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| show | •A person experiences greater thist during period when ADH release is elicited
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| 102. The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Describe the role they play? | show 🗑
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| show | •Peristaltic contractions
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| show | •bulbospongiosus
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| 105.The most important risk factor for testicular cancer in young males is | show 🗑
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| 106.Which gland is responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen? | show 🗑
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| show | •GnRH
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| 108.Development of male reproductive structures depends on __________ | show 🗑
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| show | •Receive, retain and nourish a fertilized ovum
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| show | A hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary
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| show | •Fallopian tubes
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| show | labia majora
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| show | •They have the same number of chromosomes
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| 114.The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through | show 🗑
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| show | •Fallopian tudes
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| show | •Formation of functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
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| 117.List the male secondary sex characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | identical
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| 119.Describe the characteristics of mature sperm | show 🗑
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| show | •Stimulates protein synthesis
•Contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis
•Stimulates the male pattern of development
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| show | •Growth of the breast at puberty
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| show | •Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
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| show | •The acrosome is produced by the Golgi Apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes
•They are sluggish in an alkaline environment
•They contain very little cytoplasm or stored nutrients
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| 124.The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called: | show 🗑
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| show | •Sustentacular cells
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| show | •A parasympathetic reflex
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| show | •Development of endometrial cells
•Vesicular follicle growth
•Late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thins and crystalline
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| 132.What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle: | show 🗑
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| 133.Describe the hormonal and structural changes of the uterine cycle. | show 🗑
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| 135.What do the mammary glands of both males and females have in common? | show 🗑
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| 136.Normally menstruation occurs when: | show 🗑
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| show | •In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
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| show | •The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies
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| show | •The endometrium enters its secretory phase
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| 141.Define and describe spermatogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Anterior pituitary
2. The testis
3. The hypothalamus
• Involves FSH and LH release
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| 143.Describe the process of control of testosterone secretion. | show 🗑
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| show | •The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary
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| 145.Describe the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. | show 🗑
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| 146. Describe the pathogens which cause the common sexually transmitted diseases | show 🗑
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| 147. A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would: | show 🗑
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| show | •Decreased testosterone secretion
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| show | •Corpus spongiosum
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| show | pampiniform
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| 151. Surgical cutting of the ductus deferens as a form of birth control is called a ________. | show 🗑
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| show | spongiosum
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| 153. The midpiece of the sperm tail contains mostly _ | show 🗑
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| 154. The ________ cells of the testis nourish the newly formed sperm cells. | show 🗑
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| 155. The suspensory and mesovarium ligaments are part of the _____ ligament. | show 🗑
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| show | seconday
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| 157. The small opening of the uterus that sperm would first enter is called the ________. | show 🗑
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| show | stratum basalis
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| _____ is caused by Treponema pallidum. | show 🗑
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| show | •Early onset of menses or late menopause
•No pregnancies or the first pregnancy late in life
•Previous history of breast cancer or family history
•Hereditary factors including mutations on the genes BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
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| 161. What is the name given to the female homologue to the penis? | show 🗑
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| 162. Describe the composition and functional roles of semen | show 🗑
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| 163. Explain the function of the myometrium and endometrium. | show 🗑
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| show | •Once the embryo has implanted, it sends out its own
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| show | •It produces a clear slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra
•Fluid lubricates the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra
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