CHAPTER 16- INTEREST GROUPS
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| Review Abramoff scandal in the intro to the chapter | show 🗑
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| importance of citizen participation in political or civic interest groups | show 🗑
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| show | the myriad relationships that individuals enjoy that facilitate the resolution of community problems through collevtive action
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| civic virtue | show 🗑
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| show | they give the unrepresented an opp to have voices heard, making gov more Representative
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| show | an organized group that tries to influence public policy
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| show | interest groups dont have a candidate running 4 office
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| show | political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest groups
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| disturbance theory | show 🗑
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| transactions theory | show 🗑
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| show | transactions theorists contentions: its not rational for people to mobilize into groups, and, therefore the groups that dont mobilize will rep elitists
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| show | neopluralists: evaluated previous theories and data to find a middle ground
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| population ecology theory | show 🗑
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| show | an organization that seeks a collective good that will not selectively and materially benefit group members
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| economic interest groups | show 🗑
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| show | A type of economic interest group, growth in spending of this decreases influence of farmers and labor unions
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| show | business group's growth in spending decreases influence of these
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| show | states and local gov. are becoming strong organized interests as they lobby the def. gov for $ for their programs
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| show | -want to win earmarks for targeted state/district programs to help improve area
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| show | state and local gov. spend much of their time trying to win these from federal gov.
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| show | Fund that an appropriations bill designates for a particular purpose within a state or congressional district
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| PACs | show 🗑
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| difference between PACs and 527 groups | show 🗑
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| James Madison and factions | show 🗑
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| show | Framers believed that decentralizing power would neutralize the effect of special interests, who wouldnt be able to spread efforts throughout so many different levels of gov.
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| effect of the improvement of communications networks | show 🗑
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| show | -many of these were single-issue groups rooted in Christianity (that was sweeping the nation)
EX: The American Anti-Slavery Society fd. William Lloyd Garrison
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| show | Increasingly large trusts, monopolies, business partnerships, and corporate conglomerates in the oil, steel, and sugar industries became sufficiently powerful to control many reps in the state and nat legislatures
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| show | interest group rep. who seeks to influence legislation that will benefit his or her organization or client through political persuasion
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| progressive movement and progressive-era groups | show 🗑
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| show | this is in response to the pressure applied by progressive-era groups
Gov. also had to accommodate role organized labor
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| organized labor | show 🗑
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| show | brought skilled workers from several trades together into one stronger national organization for 1st time, as it grew in power many businesses owners began to press individually or collectively to quash the unions
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| 1914 Clayton Act | show 🗑
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| show | -NAM
-FTC
-NELA
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| national association of manufacturers (NAM) | show 🗑
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| show | A group that represents a specific industry
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| campaign to overturn key elements of Clayton Act in the courts | show 🗑
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| show | The Federal Trade Commission undertook a massive investigation of the lobbying tactics of the business community. FTC's examination of Congress revealed extensive illegal lobbying by National Electric Light Association
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| show | Progressive era reappeared in 60's/70s in the rise of this. These groups devoted themselves to representing the interest of black, women, elderly, poor, and consumers, or to working on behalf of environment
-founded by mainly hippies
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| ACLU | show 🗑
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| show | National Advancement of colored people
prominent in progressive era
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| AARP | show 🗑
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| show | A public interest group acting as a watchdog over def. gov. Has effectively challenged aspects of the congressional seniority system, played major role in enactment of legislation authorizing federal financing of pres. campaigns
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| show | A public interest group acting as a watchdog over def. gov. headed by Ralph Nader
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| show | Conservatives (concerned about activities by liberal groups) responded by forming religious and ideological groups that became potent force in US politics
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| moral majority | show 🗑
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| show | Pat Robertson, televangelist, formed this in 1990, it has since grown in power and influence playing an important role in Rep. winning control of Congress. In '08 group distributed millions of voter guides in churches throughout US
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| show | An active opponent of gun control legislation saw its members/importance in washington rise in recent years
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| business groups, corporations, and associations | show 🗑
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| show | created in 1972 whose members head about 150 large corporations, urging members to engage in direct lobbying to influence the course of policy formation
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| show | Most large corporations, in addition to having own governmental affairs departments, employ DC-based lobbyists to keep them apprised of legislation that may affect them, or to lobby bureaucrats for governmental contracts
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| show | Nonprofit and unregulated interest groups that focus on specific causes or policy positions and attempt to influence voters
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| show | Membership ni labor unions held steady through early/mid 1990s and then skyrocketed toward the end of the depression,
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| potent politicial force | show 🗑
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| AFL-CIO | show 🗑
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| labor members (and clout) diminishes | show 🗑
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| show | Head of Service Employees international union said AFL-CIO had grown "pale,male,stale".
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| Change to win coalition | show 🗑
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| what interests group do | show 🗑
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| working for their members interests | show 🗑
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| show | B/c groups make claims on society, they can increase the cost of public policies. Most Americans see interest groups as working just for themselves
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| show | In addition to enhancing the democratic process by providing increased rep. and participation, they increase public awareness about important issues, help frame the public agenda, and often monitor programs to guarantee effective implementations
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| lobbying | show 🗑
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| lobbying Congress | show 🗑
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| show | MANY WAYS
-file lawsuit
-file amicus curiae brief
-protests and demonstrations
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| show | Many effective lobbyists are often former members of that body, former staff aides, white house officials or cabinet officers, or other white house officials (or insiders) or cabinet officers
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| skills of lobbyists | show 🗑
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| relationships with members of Congress | show 🗑
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| show | A lobbyists effectiveness depends largely on their rep for this, no member of Congress wants to look uninformed
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| lobbying the executive branch | show 🗑
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| show | Groups often target one or more levels of the exec branch because there are so many potential access points, including president.
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| show | Groups try to work closely with admin to influence policy decisions at their formulation and later implementation stages
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| Link b/w interest groups and regulatory agencies | show 🗑
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| show | Groups often monitor the implementation of the laws or policies they advocated
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| show | The courts have proved as a useful target for the interest groups (especially SC)
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| amicus curiae briefs | show 🗑
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| show | controversy before a court or a "lawsuit"
this tactic is on the rise
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| show | interest groups try to influence who is nominated to the federal courts and play important role in judicial nominees' senate confirmation hearings
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| show | it is becoming common for interest groups of all persuasions to pay for the trips for judges to attend "informational conferences" or just simply to interact with judges by paying for club memberships and golf outings
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| grassroots strategies | show 🗑
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| goal of grassroots org. | show 🗑
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| use of TV and Internet | show 🗑
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| protests and radical activism | show 🗑
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| illegal activities | show 🗑
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| show | often key for attracting women and minority candidates, like Obama
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| getting out the vote (GOTV) | show 🗑
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| show | many ideological groups rate candidates to help their members and gen. public evaluate the voting records of members in Congress.
Ratings normally based on Congress members votes on key issues
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| show | they all want to shape the public agenda
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| show | All groups want to achieve this, whether by winning elections, maintaining the status quo, or obtaining favorable legislation or rulings from Congress
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| Leaders | show 🗑
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| role of leaders | show 🗑
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| show | Governments, foundations, and wealthy individuals can serve as patrons, providing crucial start-up funds for groups, especially public interest groups
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| patrons | show 🗑
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| three kinds of members in interest groups | show 🗑
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| interest group membership | show 🗑
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| collective good | show 🗑
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| free rider problem | show 🗑
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| show | -members in other groups 2, likely 2 fr
-policy appearing that threatens rights
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| implications of alliances | show 🗑
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| organization advantages of small groups | show 🗑
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| show | An effort to limit the power of lobbyists, requiring anyone hired to lobby any member of Congress to register and file quarterly financial reports; didnt really happen and was blocked by civil liberties groups until 95
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| 3 Lobbying disclosure act of 1996 | show 🗑
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| show | lobbying reform banning gifts to members of Congress and their staffs, toughening disclosure requirements, and increasing time limits on moving from the federal government to the private sector
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| show | Many commentators were critical of the fact that the ban on gifts applied only 2 private lobbysists
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| governing formal lobbying of the executive branch | show 🗑
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| show | the key provisions of the ethics in government act deal with: 1) financial disclosure, and 2) employment after government service
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| restrictions on executive branch employees becoming lobbyists | show 🗑
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| show | bad
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| bowling leagues are going down what about other newer groups? older? | show 🗑
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| what do political scientists believe about involvement in community groups and activities | show 🗑
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| The more social capital in a community... | show 🗑
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| what does civic virtue create? | show 🗑
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| Transactional theory arose from | show 🗑
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| Who made the population ecology theory? | show 🗑
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| most groups lobby on behalf of _____ with exception of _______ | show 🗑
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| most organized of the groups | show 🗑
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| show | amendment to the federal elections campaign act
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| Because businesses had vested interest in keeping wages low and costs down... | show 🗑
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| NELA's illegal activities led public to see lobbyists how? | show 🗑
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| show | Through 527 groups, PACs, and individual donations from employees and fams
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| show | lobbyists
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| show | testifying at hearings and contacting legislators
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| What do some interest groups do for financial support? | show 🗑
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| show | attempted to curtail questionable moves by barring members of the exec branch from representing any clients before their agency for one year after leaving gov. service
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