Sociology 101
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| What is Mechanical solidarity | functions like a simple machine.
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| Organic solidarity | functions like a human body; interdependent parts.
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| Collective Conscience | A term coined by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) to refer to the shared beliefs and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.
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| Examples of Social Facts | Suicide
Divorce
Wearing clothing to class
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| Social Facts | There are systems and patterns in society that would go on without me; they have a reality outside of the individual.
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| Rational behavior grew hand-in-hand with? | Capitalism
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| Researched causes and consequences of poverty in Chicago. Came out of Chicago tradition, emphasis on ethnography, getting to know the people. Also a tradition of studying “down” – studying people with behavior or circumstances perceived to be a problem. | Addams
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| Coined “Sociology.” Social Problems = result of “intellectual anarchy” (no shared beliefs). | Comte
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| 1st African American to receive a PhD from Harvard. Like Marx, saw society in a state of conflict.The “color line.” Wrote more than 70 books. Important idea: “Double Consciousness.” | DuBois
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| Viewed racism as a cancer that affected all of society, not just people of color. | DuBois
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| Studied sources of order and stability in society.Sometimes called the “father of sociology.” | Durkheim
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| Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. | Marx
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| He is best known for coining the concept "survival of the fittest" | Spencer
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| Like Durkheim, compared “premodern” with “modern” societies. Such as Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. | Tonnies
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| Growth of “rational” behavior Rational = calculating, geared towards a goal. Work as a way of life or a way to live? | Weber
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| What was one factor under which Sociology developed? | Industrial Revolution
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| Making “sense” or “meaning” is inherently a | social process
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| the capacity to see how sociological situations play out due to how people differ and social circumstances differ. is the understanding that social outcomes are shaped by social context, actors, and social actions | sociological imagination
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| Researched the causes and consequences of poverty in Chicago. Came out of Chicago tradition, emphasis on ethnography, getting to know the people. Also a tradition of studying “down” – studying people with behavior or circumstances perceived to be a prob | Jane Addams
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| Three Major Theoretical Perspectives | Functionalist
Conflict
Symbolic Interactionist
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| The Functionalist Paradigm | “Father” of this framework: Durkheim
Three major assumptions:
Consensus.
Integrated parts.
Tendency toward stability.
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| The Conflict Paradigm | “Father” of this framework: Marx
Three major assumptions:
Conflicting values and goals.
Competition for resources (those that have the advantage try to keep it).
Society is never harmonious; conflict is normal.
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| The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm | 4 major assumptions:
How people act depends on how they see and evaluate reality.
People learn from others how to see and evaluate reality.
People constantly work at “meaning-making”
Different perceptions of reality = misunderstanding & conflict.
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| The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm | “Father” of this framework: Goffman
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| Fuzzy Objects | The hard sciences often study “fuzzy objects” as well, but human behavior is probably the “fuzziest.”
Science ie: uncertainty principle, chaos theory.
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| Fuzzy Objects | “We can frequently predict what most people will likely do under particular sets of circumstances” (McIntyre, p. 41).
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| things that can be observed through the use of one’s physical senses | empirical
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| Sociologists are interested in beliefs, values, etc … but only to | measure them or find trends/patterns.
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| Inconvenient Facts | Evidence that contradicts what you have always believed and/or want to believe about the social world.
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| tendency to use one’s own culture as a standard against which to judge other people’s cultures. | ethnocentrism
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| The belief that others and their ways of doing things can be understood only in terms of the cultural context of those people. We should try to understand people in their own terms, & to try not to let our own culture/bias overly influence our analysis. | Cultural Relativity/Relativism
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