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Anatomy and physiology

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Answer
abductors   Muscles that seperate the fingers  
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abductor hallucis   Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing.  
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adductors   Muscles at the base of each finger that draws the fingers together.  
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anabolism   Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.  
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anatomy   Study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made of; the science of the structure of organisms, or their parts.  
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angular artery   Supplies blood to the side of the nose.  
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anterior auricular artery   Supplies blood to the front part of the ear.  
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anterior tibial artery   goes to the foot and becomes the doralis pedis which supplies the foot with blood.  
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arteries   Thick walled, muscular, flexable tubesthat carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries.  
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atrium   The upper thin walled chambers of the heart  
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auricularis anterior   Muscles in front of the ear that draws the ear forward  
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auricularis posterior   Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward  
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auricularis superior   Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upwards  
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auriculotemporal nerve   affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull  
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autonomic nervous system   The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood, vessels, and heart  
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axon   The extention of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the nerve cell  
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belly (muscle)   The middle part of the muscle  
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bicep   Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm  
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blood   Fluid circulating through the circulatory system. (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries)  
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blood vascular system   Group of structures (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body  
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body systems   Group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 10 major systems  
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brain   Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensations, muscles, gland activity, and the power to think and feel  
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buccal nerve   Affects the muscles of the mouth  
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buccinator muscle   Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.  
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capillaries   Thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins  
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cardiac muscle   The involuntary muscle that is the heart  
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carpus   The wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of 8 small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.  
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catabolism   The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular movement or digestion.  
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cell   Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamentalfunctions of life.  
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cell membrane   Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.  
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central nervous system   Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.  
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cervical cutaneous nerve   Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.  
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cervical nerves   Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.  
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cervical vertebrae   The 7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.  
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circulatory system   System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and vessels.  
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clavicle   Collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.  
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common carotid artery   Artery that supplies blood to the face, head, and neck.  
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common peroneal nerve   A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches.  
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connective tissue   Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various of the body such as bone, cartiliage, and tendons.  
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corrugator muscle   Muscle located beneath the frontails and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.  
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cranium   An oval bony case that protects the brain.  
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cytoplasm   All the protoplasm of a cell execpt that wich is in the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food material necessary for growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the cell.  
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deep peroneal nerve   A nerve that extends down the front of the leg , behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscle and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes.  
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deltoid   Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.  
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dendrites   Tree-like branching of the nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell.  
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depressor labii inferioris muscle   Muscle surrounding the lower lip; depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side.  
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diaphram   Muscular wall that seperates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.  
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digestive system   The mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes.  
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digit   finger or toe  
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digital nerve   Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers and toes.  
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dorsal   A nerve that extends up from the toes and foot, just under the skin, supplying impulses to toes and foot, as well as the muscle and the skin of the leg, where it is called the superficial peroneal nerve or the musculo-cutaneous nerve.  
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endrocrine (ductless) glands   Ductless glands that releases hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream.  
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endrocrine system   Group of specialized glands that affect the growth,development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.  
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epicranial aponeurosis   tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis.  
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epicranius   The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.  
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epithelial tissue   Protective covering on the body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, and the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands.  
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ethmoid bone   Light spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavity.  
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excretory system   Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lings that purify the body by the elimination of waste matter.  
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exhalation   The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.  
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exocrine (duct) glands   Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts, such as the sudoriferous (sweat) glands and the sebaceous (oil) glands.  
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extensors   Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.  
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extensor digitorum brevis   Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing.  
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extensor digitorum longus   Muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.  
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external carotid artery   Supplies blood to the anterior (front) parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and side of the head.  
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external jugular vein   Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.  
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facial artery   Supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.  
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femur   A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee.  
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fibula   The smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The fibula may be visulaized as a "bump" on the little-toe side of the ankle.  
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fifth cranial nerve (also know as trifacial or trigeminal)   The chief sensory nerve of the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.  
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flexors   Extensor muscles of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.  
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flexor digitorum brevis   Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing  
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frontal artery   Supplies blood to the forehead and uppereyelid.  
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frontal bone   forms the forehead  
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frontalis   Anterior (front) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinklesacross the forehead.  
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gastrocnemius   Muscle that is attached to the lower raer surface of the heel and pulls the heel down.  
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glands   a cell, group of cells, or organ of endothelial origin that selectively removes materials from the blood, concentrates or alters them, and secretes them for further use in the body or for elimination from the body  
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greater auricular nerve   Located on the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.  
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greater occipital nerve   Located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.  
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heart   Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.  
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hemoglobin   Iron-containing protein in the red blood moving within the circulatory system.  
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histology   Science of the minute structures of the organic tissues; microscopic anatomy.  
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hormones   Secretions produced by one of the endrocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity.  
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humerus   Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.  
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hyoid bone   U-shaped bone at the base of the toungue that supports the toungue and its muscles.  
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inferior labial artery   Supplies blood to the lower lip.  
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infraorbital artery   Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye.  
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infraorbital nerve   Affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.  
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infratrochlear nerve   Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.  
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inhalation   The breathing of air.  
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insertion   Part of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the skeleton.  
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integumentary system   The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.  
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internal carotid artery   Supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.  
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internal jugular vein   Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.  
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joint   Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.  
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lacrimal bones   Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)  
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latissimus dorsi   Broad, flat superficial muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, controlling the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm.  
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levator anguli oris   Also known as caninus, a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.  
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levator labii superioris   Also known as quadratus labii superioris, a muscle surrounding the upper lip; elevates the upper lip and dialates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.  
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liquid tissue   Body tissue that carries food, waste products, and hormones (i.e. lymph and blood)  
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lungs   Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is extenged for carbon dioxide.  
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lymph   Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells.  
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lymph nodes   Special structures found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph.  
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lymph vascular system   Body system that acts as an acid to the blood system and consists of the ltmph spaces, lymph vessels, and lymph glands.  
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mandible   Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.  
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mandibular nerve   Affects the muscle of the chin and lower lip.  
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masseter   Muscle that coordinate with the temporalis muscle in the opening and closing the mouth, and are sometimes referred to as chewing.  
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maxillae (singular: maxilla)   Bones of the upper jaw.  
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maxillary nerve   Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.  
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median nerve   Nerve that supplies the arm and hand.  
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mental nerve   Affects the skin of the lower lip and skin  
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mentalis   Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin  
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metabolism   Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities  
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metacarpus   Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges  
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metatarsal   One of three subdivisions of the foot comprised of five bones, which are long and slender, like the metacarpal bones of the hand, help make-up of the foot. All three subdivisions comprise 26 bones  
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middle temporal artery   Supplies blood to the temples  
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mitosis   Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues  
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motor nerves   Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles  
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muscular system   Body system that covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body  
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myology   Science if the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles  
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nasal bones   Bones that form the bridge of the nose  
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nasal nerve   Affects the point and lower side of the nose  
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nerves   Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted  
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nerve tissue   Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions  
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nervous system   Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently  
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neuron   Nerve cell; basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon  
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neurology   Science of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system  
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nonstriated muscle   Also called involuntary or smooth muscle; muscle that functions automatically without conscious will  
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nucleus   Dense, active protoplasm found i n the center of the cell; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism  
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occipital artery   Supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and the back of the head up to the crown  
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occipital bone   Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape  
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occipitalis   Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward  
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opthalmic nerve   Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage  
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orbicularis oculi muscle   Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes  
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orbicularis oris muscle   Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contract, puckers and wrinkles the lips  
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organs   Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions  
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origin   part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleon and is usually part of a skeletal muscle  
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os   bone  
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osteology   The study of anatomy, structure and function of the bones  
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palatine bones   Form the floor and outer wall of the nose, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbits  
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parietal artery   Supplies blood to the side and crown of the head  
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parietal bones   Form the sides and top of the cranium  
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patella   Also called the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint  
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pectoralis major, pectoralis minor   Muscles of chest that assists the swinging movements of the arm  
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pericardium   Double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart  
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peripheral nervous system   System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves  
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peroneus brevis   Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula; bends the foot in and out  
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phalanges   Bones of the fingers or toes (singular: phalanx)  
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physiology   Study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures  
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plasma   Fluid part of the blood and nymph that carries food and secretions to the cells  
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platelets   Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots  
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posterior auricular nerve   Affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull  
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platysma muscle   Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the chin and lower lip  
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popliteal artery   Divides into two separate arteries known as the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial. The anterior tibial goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood  
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peroneus longus   Muscle that covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward  
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posterior tibial artery   Divides into two separate arteries known as the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial. The anterior tibial goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood  
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procerus   Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose  
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pronators   Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward  
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protoplasm   Colorless jelly-like subsance found inside cells in which food elements such as protein, fats, carbs, mineral salts and water are present  
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pulmonary circulation   Blood circulation form heart to lungs to be purified  
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radial artery   Artery that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand  
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radial nerve   supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand  
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radius   Smaller bone on the forearm on the same side as the thumb  
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red blood cells   Blood cells that carry oxygen form the lungs to the body cells  
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reflex   Automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of specific muscles as a response to impulses carried along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a spontaneous and involuntary reaction  
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reproductive system   Body systems responsible by which plants and animals reproduce  
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respiration   Act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs and within each cell  
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respiratory system   Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing; supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide wastes.  
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ribs   Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.  
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risorius   Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth up and back, as in grinning.  
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saphenous nerve   Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot.  
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scapula   One of a pair of shoulder blades; a large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder.  
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sensory (afferent) nerves   Nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat,sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.  
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serratus anterior   muscle of the chest that assist in breathing and in raising the arm.  
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skeletal system   Physical foundation of the body, comprised of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.  
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smaller occipital nerve   Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp ans muscles behind the ear.  
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soleus   muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.  
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sphenoid bone   joins all the bones of the cranium together.  
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spinal cord   The portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column.  
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sternocleidomastoideus   Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head.  
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sternum   Breastbone; flat bone that forms the vental (front) support of the ribs.  
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striated muscle   also called voluntary or skeletal muscle; muscle that is consciously controlled.  
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submental artery   Supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.  
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superficial peroneal nerve   A nerve that extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg, as well as to the skin and toes on top of the foot.  
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superficial temporal artery   Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side, and top of the head.  
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superior labial artery   Supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose.  
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supinator   Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.  
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supraorbital artery   Supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead  
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supraorbital nerve   Affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid  
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supratrochlear nerve   Affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.  
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sural nerve   Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg.  
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systemic circulation   Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart; also called general circulation.  
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talus   One of three bones that comprise the ankle joint. The other two bones are the tibia and fibula.  
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tarsal   One of threesubdivisions of the foot comprised of seven bones (talus, calcaneous, navicular, three cuneiform bones,and the cuboid.) All three subdivisions comprise 26 bones.  
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temporal bones   Form the sides of the head in the ear region.  
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temporal nerve   Affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.  
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temporalis   Temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing).  
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thorax   The chest; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart,lungs, and other internal organs.  
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tibia   The larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a "bump" on the big-toe-side of the ankle.  
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tibial nerve   A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.  
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tibialis anterior   Muscle that covers the front of the shin. It bends the foot upward and inward.  
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tissue   Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.  
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transverse facial artery   Supplies blood to the skin and masseter.  
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trapezius   Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm.  
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triangularis   Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.  
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tricept   Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.  
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turbinal bones   Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.  
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ulna   Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.  
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ulnar artery   Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the liitle finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.  
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Ulnar nerve   Nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.  
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valves   structures that temporarily close a passage, or permit blood flow in one direction only.  
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veins   Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs.  
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ventricle   the lower thick-walled chambers of the heart.  
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vomer bone   Flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.  
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white blood cells   Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms.  
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zygomatic/malar bones   Form the prominence of the cheeks; cheekbones.  
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zygomatic nerve   Affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek.  
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zygomaticus   Muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; elevate the lip, as in laughing.  
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