psychology ch. 9
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| Social influence | defined as the effects of the presence or actions of others either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave.
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| Excerted how? | in many different ways, coming from a person, a group, an institution such as a school, church or government. impact can be constructive, destructive or neutral.
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| What is a group? | any collection of two of more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose.
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| Characteristics of a group | number of people, interaction, influence, common goal.
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| Collective or Aggregate | a gathering of people who have minimal direct interaction.
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| Status | refers to the importance of an individual's position in the group, as perceived by members of the group.
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| Power | refers to an individual/group's ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person (or group)
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| A role | is the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they function or act in different situations and life in general.
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| Role expectations | Inside a role their is generally an expectation by other members of the group that the individual will behave in a way that is consistent with that role. Expectations have a strong influence on an individual's behaviour within a group, esp with power role
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| Obedience | occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society.
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| Compliance | involves changing one's behaviour in response to a request to do so, it does not necessarily involve an authority figure.
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| Factors that can affect obedience | Social proximity, Legitimacy of authority figure, Group pressure,
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| Social proximity | refers to the closeness between two or more people. Closer the learner the more likely they were to administer a shock. Outside the lab, it is easier to do things cruel - distanced.
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| Legitimacy of authority | an individual is also more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power.
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| Group pressure | An individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure.
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| Conformity | is the tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms)
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| Factors affecting conformity | group size, unanimity, informational influence, normative influence, culture, social loafing, de-individualisation,
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| Group size | refers to the number of people in a group. Conformity has been shown to INCREASE when the group size INCREASES, to a certain point (four people). Then afterwards it becomes lower.
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| Unanimity | Or complete agreement among the other members as to what the answer is.
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| Ally effect | when research participants are led to believe that their thoughts, feelings or behaviours are supported, shared or not disagreed with by someone else in their group, the presence of an ally leads to reductions in conformity.
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| Informational influence | indivudals are more likely to conform to the views of group members when they want to provide a correct response, but are unsure of what the correct response is. Occurs when conformity results from a need for direction and correct response in situation.
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| Normative influence | to conform occurs when our response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms.
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| Individualist cultures | being an individual and independent is valued and encouraged and achieving personal goals is considered to be more important than achieving group goals.
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| Collectivist cultures | achieving group goals is considered to be more important than the achievement of individual goals, and individuals are encouraged and sometimes expected to place group goals ahead of their personal goals.
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| Social loafing | refers to the tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity when working alone
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| De-individuation | is the loss of individuality, or the sense of anonymity that can occur in a group situation. Two factors contributing to conformity: anonymity and shift in attention.
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| Anonymity in group | When people feel anonymous or 'invisable' they feel less accountable for their actions and may choose to conform to a group which is behaving in ways they otherwise would not
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| Shift in attention | When individuals are with others in a group, their attention is often focused on the activities of the group and events in the environment. This means fewer chances to focus on internal thoughts. Less likely to think about appropriateness & consequences.
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| Group influences on behaviour | peer group, peer pressure, risk-taking behaviour,
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| Peer group | is usually made up of people who have similar interests, do the same sorts of things and often associate or interact with one another.
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| Peer | refers to anyone who has one or more characteristics or roles in common with one or more other individuals, such as age, sex, occupation or social group membership.
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| Friendship | involves a positive relationship between two or more people who usually regard or treat each other in similar ways.
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| Features of peer group | norms or standards, style of dress,place for socialising, attitudes to issues, language and expressions, discuss problems.
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| Clique | a relatively small group of friends of similar age, and generally of the same gender.
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| Friendship clique | an interaction-based grouping of peers who 'hang around together' and may be either close friends or 'just friends.'
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| Peer pressure | is social influence by peers; that is, real or imagined pressure to think, feel or behave according to standards, or 'guidelines' that are determined by peers.
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| Direct peer pressure | Adolescents often do not experience direct peer pressure. The pressure tends to come from a desire to fit in with the group and follow group norms.
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| Risk-taking behaviour | is behaviour that has potential negative consequences.
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| Why are they considered so | Social cost, physical cost and emotional cost.
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| Social influence cannot be resisted | F
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| Status is the ability to control of influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of someone else | F
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| Obedience involves following orders given by someone in authority | T
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| Milgram found that as social proximity between the 'teacher' and 'learner' increases, so too does obedience. | F
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| All friendships are peer groups too | F
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| Unanimity of opinion a group is likely to increase conformity | T
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| Behaviour must have potential negative consequences in order to be classified as risk-taking | T
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| Thrill-seeking behaviour typically involves doing something that is socially unacceptable. | F
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| Deindividuation occurs only in groups | F
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| Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the importance of group size on conformity. | F
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| The term social influence best describes | how the presence or actions of others can affect someone's behaviour.
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| A peer group is best described as | group whose members share common characteristics
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| Which of the following is not a characteristic of a group | The members do not share a common goal
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| A clique is best described as | relatively small group of friends who are about the same age.
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| A key finding of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment is that | role expectations can lead people to behave differently from the way in which they would normally behave
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| An individual's ability to control or influence someone else's behaviour is best described as | Power
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| The importance of a persons position or standing in a group, as viewed by members of the group, is best described as | Status
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| Which of the following is a source of power in a group? | Having information that group members need
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| If someone in the group has legitimate power, then they have the ___ to direct or influence the behaviour of other group members | Right
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| Risk-taking behaviour is best described as behaviour that | Involves potential positive or negative consequences
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| Jake conforms because he wants to liked and accepted by the group. This is an example of conforming due to | Normative influence
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| Which of the following best describes conformity. | Adjusting one's actions so that they are consistent with those of group members
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| As group size increases, conformity by an individual to group's behaviour tends to | Increase, but only up to a group size of four.
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| Lim is taking up surfing. She buys a surfboard, with two fins rather than one due to the advice of a friend. | Informational influence
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| An analysis of the results of Asch-type experiments in different countries found that | People in individualistic cultures are less likely to conform to group pressure.
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| Research findings indicate that disobedience during wafare is rarer among those ordered to kill from a distance with a missile than close up with a knife. | Social proximity.
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| Which of the following best describes obedience. | following the commands of someone in authority.
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| The results of Milgram-type experiments that have been conducted in many different countries with participants from all kinds of background indicate that. | Obedience seems to occur regardless of sex or age
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| In one experiment on obedience, 22 hospital nurses were telephoned one at a time throughout the day by an unknown 'doctor' who ordered them to give a 'patient' an obvious overdose of a drug. All but one nurse complied without delay | The doctors legitimate authority over them.
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| Sam is upset by an unfair request by a teacher to clean up the classroom, but obeys despite. The teacher then makes the same request to Sara and Luke. They refuse and so Same does so too. | Presence of group support.
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| Define peer pressure | is social influence by peers; that is, real or imagined pressure to think, feel or behave according to standards, or 'guidelines' that are determined by peers.
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| When we obey an order from someone in uniform we are most likely influenced by the ____ of this figure | authority
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| When we obey an order from someone because 'everyone else' is obeying, then we are most likely influenced by | conformity
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| When ____ influence leads us to conform, we conform because we want to be liked and accepted by the group | normative
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| When ____ influence leads us to conform, we conform because we want to be right. | informational.
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| Four drivers of other vehicles stop to help someone trapped in a car. Drivers cooperate to administer first aid and remove person from trapped car. Are they are a group. | Yes. number of people - interaction through helping patient. influence - expertise, opinions. common goal - helping person in car.
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| Explain how power and status affected the behaviour of the 'mock gaurds' and 'mock prisoners' in Zimbardo's Standford Prison Experiment. | When a person is given a role that involves considerable power and status, it can greatly affect their behaviour. They can be influenced by role expectations, and therefore behave in a way they otherwise would not.
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| In the guards... | this behaviour came out through cruelty and punishing the prisoners in order to keep them 'in line.' They were influenced by the idea that 'prisoners' had less status and power then 'guards' and therefore had to be shown their place.
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| In the guards | almost all power and status was removed, causing reactions of fear, confusion and depression in the mock prisoners.
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