cultural anthro 1
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| the comparative study of human societies and cultures | anthropology
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| to describe, analyze, and explain different cultures, to show how groups have adapted to their enviroments and given significance to their lives | goal of anthropology
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| anthropology attempts to comprehend the entire | human experience
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| uses __ and __ to see the distant pass and beyond humans to animals | archeology and primatology
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| anthropology is | comparative
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| anthropology attempts to understand similarities and differences among | human cultures
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| anthropology is based on studies of human groups whos goals, values, views of reality, and enviromental adaptions are very different from those of | western societies
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| anthropologists bring a __ approach to understand and explaining | holistic
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| an approach that considers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understading of human society | holistic
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| holistic approach means they are interested in the __ range of human activity | total
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| a group of people who depend on one another for survival or well being as well as the relationships among such people, including their status and roles | society
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| the learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups | culture
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| the primary means by which humans adapt to their enviroments | culture
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| the way of life characteristic of a particular human society | culture
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| cultural anthropologists attempt to understand culture through the study of its __, __, and __ as it changes through time and among people | origins, development, and diversity
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| the study of human thought, meaning, and behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted, and that is typical of groups of people | cultural anthropology
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| description of cultural past based on written records, interviews, and archaeology | ethnohistory
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| a branch of linguistics concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture | linguistic anthropology
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| study relationships among languages to better understand the histories and migrations of those who speak them | historical linguists
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| the subdicipline of anthropology that focuses on the reconstruction of past cultures based on their material remains | archaeology
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| societies for which we have no usable written records | prehistoric
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| any object made or modified by human beings | artifact
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| artifacts are generally used to refer to object by | past culture
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| artifacts that cannot easily be moved, such as ruins of buildings, burials, and fire pits | features
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| the archeological investigation of current day cities | urban archaeology
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| the protection and management of archaeological archival and architectural resources | cultural resource management (CRM)
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| the subdiscipline of anthropology that studies people from a biological perspective | biological or physical anthropology
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| biological or physical anthropology focuses primarily on aspects of humankind that are __ | genetically inherited
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| biological or physical anthropology includes | osteology, nutrition, demography, epidemiology, primatology
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| the subdiscipline of anthropology concerned with tracin gthe evolution of humankind in the fossil record | paleoanthropology
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| the subdiscipline of anthropology concerned with mapping and explaining physical differences among modern human groups | human variation
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| a member of a biological order of mammals that includes human beings, apes, and monkeys as well as prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers etc) | primate
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| the application of anthropology to the solution of human problems | applied anthropology
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| groups of people who have occupied a region for a long time and are recognized by other groups as its original (or very ancient) inhabitants | indigenous peoples
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| ingenious peoples are often __ with little influence in the governemnt of the nation state that controls their land | minorities
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| the study of illness and health across cultures | medical anthropology
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| the application an ethnographic and holistic perspective to provision of health care services | medical anthropology
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| the application of biological anthropology to the identification of skeletalized or badly decomposed human remains | forensic anthropology
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| judging other cultures from the perspective of one's own culture | ethnocentrism
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| a situation where social or moral norms are confused or entirely absent, often caused by rapid rocial change | anomie
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| when does anomie happen | when a culture loses its value to its people
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| the belief that some human populations are more superior to others because of inherited, genetically transmitted characteristics | racism
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| the notions that all human groups have the same biological and mental capabilities | biopsychological equality
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| the notion that a culture should not be judged or evaluated according to the values of another culture | cultural relativism
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| they must be analyzed with reference to their own histories and culture traits understood in terms of the whole culture | cultural relativism
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| examining society using concepts categories and distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture | emic perspective
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| examining society using concepts categories and rules derived from science | etic perspective
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| an outsiders perspective, which produces analyses that members of the society being studied may not find meaningful | etic perspective
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| in place of the artificially controlled laboratory, anthropologists rely on __ and __ | ethnography and cross cultural compaison
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| the major research tool of cultural anthropolgy | ethnography
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| ethnography includes both __ among people in society and the __ results of fieldwork | field work, written
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| ethnographic data is used in | cross cultural comparison
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| ethnography is the written description and analysis of the culture of a group of people based on | field work
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| the firsthand systematic exploration of a society | fieldwork
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| field work involves living with a group of people and participating in and observing their | behavior
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| the fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives | participant observations
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| a person from whom anthropologists gather data | consultant
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| a person particularly knowledgeable about his or her own culture who is a major source of the anthropologists information | key consultant
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| a family history, a chart of family relationship | geneology
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| franz boas is the father of | american anthropology
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| franz boas realized that whole of culture could be achieved only through | fieldword
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| boas did field work and ethnographic data on | native american pacific northwest
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| his contributions are | theoretical
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| theorizes that all cultures are procucts of their | own histories
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| theorized that all human beings have equal capacities for | culture
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| theorized that although human actions might be considered morally right or wrong, no culture was more or less __ than another | civilized
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| bronislaw lainowski | trobiand islands, fieldwork, and writing ethnography
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| philosophical system concerned with positive facts and phenomena and excluding speculation on origins or ultimate causes | positivism
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| an approach to understanding phenomena based on attempts to observe and record a presumed objective reality | empirical science
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| the intensive study of a particular society and culture as the basis for generating anthropological theory | ethnographic method
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| a theoretical perspective focusing on issues of power and voice | postmodernism
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| postmodernists suggest that anthropological accounts are partial truths reflecting the __ __ and __ of their authors | background, training, and social position
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| common steps to fieldwork, | choosing problem, choosing site, locating consultants, gathering and recording data, analyzing and writing up results
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| the distortion in theory and ethnography caused by excessive focus on male activities or male perceptions of female activities | androcentric bias
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| also called controlled cross cultural compaison, a research method that uses statistical correlations of traits from many different cultures to test generalizations about culture and human behavior | cros cultural survey
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| an ethnographic data base including cultural dexcriptions of more than 300 cultures | human relations file (HRAF)
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| a selection of items from a total set, chosen on random, or unbiased, basis | random sample
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| an anthropologist who does field work in his or her own culture | native anthropologists
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| ethnography that gives priority to cultural consultants on the topics, methodology, and written results of ethnographic research | collaborative ethnography
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| in 1873, edward burnett tylor introduced the concept of __ as an explanation for the differences among human societies | culture
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| who defined culture as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities aquired by a man as a member of society | tylor
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| today anthropologists generally agree that all cultures share the following 6 characteristics | culture made up of learned behaviors, involves symbols, patterned and intergrated, shared by members of a gorup, adaptive, subject to change
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| patterned and integrated means the elemts of culture stand in some logical relationship to | one another
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| anthropologists who examine the theoretical perspective that focuses on culture as the principal force in shaping the typical personality fo a society as well as the role of personality in the maintenance of cultural institutions | cultural and personality theorists
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| a theoretical approach that focuses on the ways in which members of a culture classify their world and holds that anthropology should be the study of cultural systems of classification | ethnoscience
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| an anthropological discipline devoted to describing ways in which different cultures classify plants | ethnobotany
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| an anthropological discipline devoted to describing the medical systems of different cultures | ethnomedicine
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| a theoretical perspective that hols that all cultures reflect similar deep, underlying patterns and that anthropologists should attempt to decipher these patterns | structural anthropology
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| a theoretical approach that emphasizes culture as a system of meaning and proposes that the aim of cultural anthropology is to interpret the meanings that cultural acts have for their participants | interpretive (symbolic) anthropology
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| two sorts of ideas that members of a culture might share | norms and values
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| the ideas of members of a culture share about the way things ought to be done | norms
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| norms seem to clusert around certain __ __ and __ in society | identities, roles, or position
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| the anthropological theory that specific to cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society | functionalism
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| a theoretical perspective that holds that the ways in which cultural institutions work can best be understood by examining their effects on the enviroment | ecological functionalism
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| a theoretical perspective that holds the primary task of anthropology is to account for the similarities and differences among cultures and that this can best be done by studying the material constaint to which human existence is subject | cultural materialism
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| a theoretical perspective concerned with the historical change of culture from small scale societies to extremely large scale societies | neo evolutionism
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| an ideal cultural pattern that influences beahvior in society | norm
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| shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful that underlie cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical social enviroment | values
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| used to designate groups within a single society that share norms and values significantly different from those of a dominant culture | subculture
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| a theoretical perspective concerned with applying the insights of marxist thought to anthropology | neomarxism
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| neomarxists modify marxists analysis to make it appropriate to the investigation of __ societies | small scale, non western
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| theoretical perspective that focuses on describing and explaining the social roles of women | femenist anthropology
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| a change in the biological structure or ways of life of an individual or population by which it becomes better fitted to survive adn resproduce in its enviroment | adaption
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| the ability of humans to change their behavior in response to a wide rannge of enviromental demands | plasticity
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| a theoretical approach that regards cultural patterns as adaptive responses to the basic problems of human survival and reproduction | cultural ecology
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| a theoretical perspective that explores the relationship between human cultural behavior and genetics | sociobiology
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| a new variation on an existing cultural pattern that is subsequently accepted by other members of the society | innovation
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| the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through cultural contact | diffusion
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| the world dominance of industrialized nations has affected cultures everwhere, but rather than annihilating local culture, the results may be what ortiz has described as | transculturation
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| the transformation of adopted cultural traits resulting in new cultural forms | transculturation
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