chapter 1,2,8,9,atlas
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| what is geography? | study of earth. peter gould: "geography is about connections"
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| what do geographers do? | make observations, compare & contrast, interpret their observations, make connections,
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| historical geographers got criticized for | studying the history of geography, harvard closed geography department for not observing/making connections
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| globalization and diversity | increasing interconnections, scale matters!
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| Pros of globalization | education, communications-phone, email, TV, internet., higher standard of living, better economy, interwoven cultures--learn wisdoms from other cultures, trading raw materials, better healthcare, jobs, spread political system
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| Cons of globalization | loss of identity, exploitation of resources, WAR-different groups going after the same resource, diseases, inequality of wealth, easier for illicit control, damage to ecosystem, over population & illegal immigrations, job losses thru outsourcing
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| economic globalization | members of world trade organization, global drug trade (negative)
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| cultural globalization | mcdonalds in thailand, vietnamese markets in the US, globalization raises economical & standard of living
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| global inequalities | different incomes throughout the world. differences in cost of living in different countries
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| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | a number that says how many children that a woman has during their lifetime. average # in a population. 2 children=a good TFR b/c they can replace the parents (growing population), <2 children=shrinking population
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| total world= | 50% rural, 50% urban
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| culture | a learned behavior, "learned and shared behavior by a group of people empowering them"
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| when cultures collide... | cultural imperalism, cultural national, cultural syncretism or hybridization
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| cultural imperalism | the active promotion of one cultural system over another, such as implatation of a new language, school system, or bureaucracy
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| cultural nationalism | a process of protecting, either formally (laws) or informally, the primary of a certain cultural system against influences from another culture
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| cultural syncretism or hybridization | the blending of two or more cultures, which produces a synergisitic third culture that exhibits traits from all cultural parents
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| states vs nations | states have formal boundaries recognized by other countries, nations are large groups of people sharing a common culture, nation-states meet both criteria
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| ethnic separation- | competing forces, centrifugal forces, centripetal forces
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| centrifugal forces | cultural & political forces that pull away from and weaken an existing nation-state
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| centripetal forces | cultural & political forces that promote unity in a nation-state
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| social development indicators.. | healthcare, literacy rates, gender inequalities,
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| earth's environmental systems | geology, climate, hydrology, vegetation
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| plate tectonics | slow-moving crustal plates-moved by convection cells, they drive crusts from core of Earth & away from other pieces of crust, movement comes from energy inside planet
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| diverging | new crust is formed
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| converging | old crust is altered
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| equal density | crushed & thrusted upward
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| subduction zones | recycled into mantle
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| lateral | sideswiping ex: california (moving towards alaska
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| New Zealand Earthquake | magnitude: 7.2, epicenter @ christchurch, earth moved 11 feet.
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| geological hazards | seismic events, earthquakes, volcanoes
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| insolation from the sun | incoming solar radiation
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| greenhouse effect | atmospheric heating due to gases trapped by atmosphere
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| influence of latitude | transfer of heat & moisture in the tropics
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| climograph | shows climatic data for a place over a year period, tells average daily low, high & percipitation a month
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| Pakistan flooding- Indus River Flooding | 1600 deaths since rain began july 28th, 20 million people affected, in tribal region affected by war on terror
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| green revolution | since 1950s, increases in food production from expansion of higher-yield agriculture into more traditionally farmed areas
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| biotechnology | irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, genetically modified seeds
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| Goode's Atlas | namd for John Paul goode, best known for development of interrupted homolosine projection
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| homolosine= | 2 projections- mollweide (homolographic) & the sinusoidal. goode interrupted the homolosine over the oceans to minimize distortion of shapes over continental land masses.
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| Erwin Daisz | hand drew maps
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| Glenn Trewartha | climate regions
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| dewent whittlesey | agricultural regions
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| john c. hudson | author of geog. textbook, introduced many new thematic maps, etc
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| cartography | art & science of mapping
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| equator | equidistant between the poles & divides earth into northern & southern hemispheres
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| latitude & longitude | identify the locations of features on earth's surface
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| latitude | the angle north/south of equator
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| longitude | angle east/west of the prime meridian (Greenwich, England).
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| Meridian | a line of longitude extending from North pole to South pole
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| prime meridian | meridian passing through the Royal observatory in Greenwich, England
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| Latitude of equator is.. | 0 degrees, and latitudes of N&S poles are 90 degrees N & S
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| Longitude ranges from ____ at the prime meridian to ____. | 0 degrees to 180 degrees
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| The prime meridian & meridian divide.. | earth into eastern & western hemispheres. this is in Greenwich, England
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| two important parallels | tropic of cancer & tropic of capricorn...lines of latitude where noon soon is directly overhead
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| artic circle & antarctic circle.. | 66 degrees 30' N & S. these lines mark the most northernly & southernly points
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| GIS (geographic information systems) | technology to make maps, it is specialized type of software that enables the intregration, processing, analysis, & display of digital geog info
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| map scale= | very important=ratio of distance on a map to distance on earth's surface. 1 inch on map=40,000,000 inches on ground(top map). 1 inch on map=4,000,000 inches on ground(middle map), 1 inch=1,000,000 ground (bottom map_
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| map projections | a geometric representation of Earth's surface on a flat surface.
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| if shape is preserved, the projection is.. | "conformal"
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| if areas are correctly represented, the projection is... | "equal area"
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| "equidistant" | projections that preserve distance
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| lambert conformal conic projection | spacing between parallels increases with distance away from standard parallel, which allows the geometric property of shape to preserved
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| Albers Equal Area conic projection | spacing between parallels decreases with distance away from the standard parallel, which allows the geometric property of area to be preserved
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| lambert azimuthal equal area | area is preserved, but at the expense of significant shape distortion as distance from the point of tangency increases. areas of circular shape
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| stereographic projection | shape is preserved, but distortion of area becomes significant as distance from point of tangency increases. roughly circular shaped areas.
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| miller cylindrical projection | neither conformal nor equal area. rectangular form areas
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| plate carree projection | neither conformal nor equal area. good for climate maps
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| sinusoidal projection | straight, evenly spaced parallels resemble the parallels on cylindrical projections. meridians are curved & converge at the poles. this causes significant shape distortion in polar regions
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| molleweide projection | resembles the sinusoidal but has less shape distortion in polar areas due to its ellipitcal form. equal area, but not conformal
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| robinson projection | resembles molleweide projection except that polar regions are flattened & stretched out. neither conformal nor equal area
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| europe | 41 countries west of russian domain. relatively small region-densely settled. eastern boundary defined by worldview
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| physical setting of europe | earthquakes & volcanoes, new crustal formation along mid-atlantic ridge, marshy lowland along north sea in Netherlands, drought on the Iberian peninsula, center: alps
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| europe's environmental issues | acid rain, air pollution, transformation of woodlands & wetlands
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| much of europe has a _______ climate. | maritime. Mediteranean & atlantic act as a "blanket"
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| relative size & latitude of europe... | smaller area than north america, milder climate (not as cold), more northerly population center, higher population density: 531 million, pop.=50% higher than north america
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| migration, immigration, emigration, transmigration.. | migration-movement of people, immigration-movement of ppl INTO country, emigration=movement of ppl OUT of country, transmigration=movement to diff. part of same country
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| schengen agreement (1985): | reduced border formalities between some european countries
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| guest workers | remnants of colonialism offer preferred migration pathways from such places as French colonial africa to paris
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| "fortress europe" | national boundaries that were heavily fortified before 1985 now allow free passage between european countries. once they get into europe, they can move around
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| medieval (900-1500 CE) | walled city with narrow winding streets, densely packed, no set-back from street
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| renaissance-baroque (1500-1800) | more open, spacious, with ceremonial buildings, statues, gardens, wide straight boulevards
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| industrial | factories, train stations, stadiums, "modern buildings"
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| europe has a leading role in.. | globalization b/c of colonization, resistance to global cultural change, separatism & nationalism
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| Basque separatism | ethnic group located on border between spain & france, unique language, have fought for separate state for centuries. for 50 years, have resorted to terrorisitic methods.
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| in 1950, europe began economic integrations as... | a way of rebuilding from war
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| in 1957, common market formed. it was a free movement of.. | goods, labor, and capital
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| evolved into european union in 1991. | grown from 15 nations to 27.
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| religious heritage in Europe | predominately christian. catholic= central south europe. orthodox=1000 yrs ago, SE europe. middle east christians who reject the pope. greek vs. roman cyrillic alphabet. protestant=500 yrs ago, revolt against pope. north europe
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| judaism | based in europe since forced from palestine 2000 years ago.
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| jewish pale | refuge in poland & eastern europe for 500 years.
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| 90% of world's jewish population lived in europe until | immigration to N. America began in 1890s
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| today, germany has fastest growing.. | jewish population
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| secularization | abandonment of traditional organized religion.
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| Irredentism | policy of reclaiming lost land occupied by those of similar ethnicity
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| cold war division | ideological struggle, communism vs democracy & capitalism...east vs west. warsaw pact vs NATO, USSR vs. US & its western allies
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| cold war was | "cold" because no actual military warfare occured due to the fear of nuclear war
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| iron curtain | harsh line separating east & west in europe during cold war
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| buffer zone | territory west of USSR that offered protection from attack by europe
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| cold war ended.. | November 9th, 1989. Berlin wall came down, german reunification began
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| how did the cold war end in 1989? | revolt in eastern europe, poland elected non-communist govt in aug. 1989. berlin war fell
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| global terrorism | madrid, spain: march 2004-subway attack killed 191 and injured more than 1800. London, england-july 2005, killed 52
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| industrial revolution | spread across europe b/c of fuel and technology, extremely important event in globalization, began in textile mills of england in 1700s using water power, expanded by using coal as energy source for producing system
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| eastern europe lags west europe in... | technology & economic development
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| command economy | centrally planned & controlled economics, generally associated with socialist or communist countries
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| coal | fuel of choice for europe. advent of railroad after 1820 allowed economic transport of coal to factories. europe was global leader of industrial world: until decimated by 2 world wars during 20th century, after WWII-US became the leader
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| economic meltdown across parts of europe.. | beginning in 2008 & continuing today. several almost bankrupt countries- greece, spain, iceland. debates over wisdom of common currency
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| France | lots of water, more than 1400 fountains. Palace and park of versailles (the water comes from the seine river and it's located on tops of buildings), paris & the banks of seine
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| germany | country side, rhine-very famous river, major transportation method in germany; castles along rhine
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| united kingdom | Royal Botanical Gardens, Westminster Abbey & Palace (birth of parliament)
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| Italy | venice and it's lagoon
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| spain | old town segovia & it's aqueduct, ancient/medieval architechture, adeduct is 830 m long building-brought water into the town until beginning of 19th century. stood for 2000 years
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| Europe has been between which 2 political stances since WWII? | socialism and capitalism
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| physical setting of russia | caspian sea (petroleum sturgeon (fish), southwest corner; black sea-tourismgood naval base, baltic sea-european port (gives russia access to europe), arctic ocean-historic home of russian navy, bering sea-"bridge" to alaska, Lake baikal-world's largest la
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| russia is HUGE | 11 time zones, high latitudes-close to arctic circle
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| mountain ranges of russia | urals, caucasus, eastern
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| Ukraine | farmland-crops, agricultural center of russia
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| South Russia | steppe (grassland)
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| siberia | taiga, tundra (no trees), & permafrost much of siberia is frozen
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| novaya zemlya | barents sea; base of russian navy & nuclear defleat-nuclear waste
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| chernoboyl | more nuclear waste
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| lake baikal | polluted by discharges from nearby paper factories
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| Norilsk in Russia | mineral processing center one of the dirtiest cities in the world
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| Russian government estimates 2/3 of russians live in... | unheathy environment; almost half of russians live w/ poor air quality. drinking water is unsafe in half the country
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| Chernobyl, Ukraine | world's worst nuclear power plant accident, April 26th, 1986. cancer rates increased but not as much as many predicted. wildlife died, but no returning. explosion was discovered when scandinavian countries reported high radiation
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| Taiga in Russia | coniferous forest zone. In eastern siberia; china poaches timber
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| kamchatka Penisula | volcanoes, military installation
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| Tunguska meteor crater | 1908 explosion-enormous, visable all the way to india, from NASA
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| high-latitude continental climate of russia | hard, cold winters. severe seasonal temperature extremes, marginal agricultural potential
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| agriculture in russia | limited by harsh climate, poor soils; only in SW russia, currently prohibition on the export of wheat
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| Ukraine grows grain that feeds russia. russia has put.. | a ban on wheat exports to other countries so they can have the most wheat possible
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| population & settlement of russia | 200 million people, mostly urban, concentrated in west part of region, has a shockingly low TFR of 1.something
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| siberia only has.. | 35 million people, mostly along the rail line, sparsely populated, has lost 40% of its population since 1991,
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| moscow | largest city, continues to attract workers. 10 million+ people, marxist philosophy (socialist economy) govt controls everything, urban. govt assigned people jobs & places to live, internal passports prohibited free movement of people
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| russification | resettling russians to non-russian parts of USSR; cultural imperalism
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| recent mirgration (post 1991) in russia | movment towards Moscow, immigrants: russians returning from central asia, emigrants to europe & to isreal
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| Mikrorayons | high-rise urban housing projects built by soviet govt in 1970s & 80s- furnished by govt, assigned people to live in these-no parking bc they don't need cars
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| Red Square | in Moscow, St. Basil's Cathedral, Kremlin, Gum department store
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| St. Petersburg | Russia's most beautiful city, one of europe's great cities, know for archetecture & culture, founded by Tsar, Peter the Great in 1703, Network of canals, capital of russia betwen 1712 & 1917, major trade window to west,, port city on baltic seas
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| Vladivostock, Russia | eastern terminus of railroad, access to pacific, very far away from moscow
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| demographic crisis of russia | declining population, combination of lower fertility rates & higher mortality, alcoholism in middle aged males, increased deaths due to toxic environment
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| Russia Govt held a "holiday" for all russians to.. | get off work and conceive a baby to raise the TFR
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| Imperialism in russia | dominated by russian speaking slavic peoples, emire expanded eastward across Eurasia while europe colonized, by 1900, nowhere else did such a tightly integrated cultural region cover such a vast place
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| Religion in russia | dominant religious hertitage is eastern orthodox christianity, beginning in 1917, atheism came to an end.
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| Russian orthodox revivial in.. | Russia and eastern ukraine
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| Western Ukrainians are mostly.. | catholic
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| Caucasus are mostly.. | islamic
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| western russian domain is mostly.. | jewish minority
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| asiatic russia.. | buddhist
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| Artists in russia.. | fled or were imprisoned during soviet era. socialist realism: art work depicting labor struggles against capitalism, classical music & ballet
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| russian empire | brutally ruled by Tsars
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| soviet union (USSR: 1917-1991): | revoultion of communist laborers (bolshviks) led by lenin.
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| Soviet Union was under tighter control with.. | stalin...govt controlled EVERYTHING.
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| last leader before USSR fell apart.. | Gorbachev 1985-1991
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| chechnya | demands its independence..extreme violence w/ links to al quaeda
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| georgia sovereignty | cultures clashing
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| kunil islands | disputed claim w/ japan
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| Kalinigrad | isolated from rest of Russia. Russian exclave, greater autonomy-ability to govern itself
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| Exclave | portion of country that lies outside of its contiguous land area.
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| russia dominant in region & increasing role as world power | permanent seat on UN security coucil, member of G-8 that represents 65% of world economy, maintains nuclear arsenal
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| Vladimir Putin | former head of KGB-communist secret police, russian president 1999-2008. dissolved government so he could appoint new members, selected dmitry medvedev as candidate for president, became prime minister, might return for another term as russian president.
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| economic development of russia | legacy of centralized economic planning by government, changing relationships in post-soviet era: unstable currencies, corruption & mafia. economic uncertainities w/ privatization-abruptly did away w/ price controls, abruptly severed supply lines
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| trans-siberian railroad | moscow to st. petersburg line complete in 1850s, moscow east to pacific at Vladivstok built from both ends between 1891 & 1904, railroad completed in 1984
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| russia is a vast region so it has a large reserve of... | natural resources
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| chechnya | demands its independence..extreme violence w/ links to al quaeda
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| georgia sovereignty | cultures clashing
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| kunil islands | disputed claim w/ japan
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| Kalinigrad | isolated from rest of Russia. Russian exclave, greater autonomy-ability to govern itself
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| Exclave | portion of country that lies outside of its contiguous land area.
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| russia dominant in region & increasing role as world power | permanent seat on UN security coucil, member of G-8 that represents 65% of world economy, maintains nuclear arsenal
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| Vladimir Putin | former head of KGB-communist secret police, russian president 1999-2008. dissolved government so he could appoint new members, selected dmitry medvedev as candidate for president, became prime minister, might return for another term as russian president.
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| economic development of russia | legacy of centralized economic planning by government, changing relationships in post-soviet era: unstable currencies, corruption & mafia. economic uncertainities w/ privatization-abruptly did away w/ price controls, abruptly severed supply lines
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| trans-siberian railroad | moscow to st. petersburg line complete in 1850s, moscow east to pacific at Vladivstok built from both ends between 1891 & 1904, railroad completed in 1984
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| russia is a vast region so it has a large reserve of... | natural resources
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| moscow has more billionaires than.. | any city in the world according to forbes 2004. revenue collection is inefficient, organized crime is pervasive, controlling an estimated 40% of the economy
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| economic globalization for russia= | OIL. russian company, Gazprom, controls 1/3 of the world's known natural gas reserves. Oil & Gas industry is russia's strongest link to global economy, world's largest exporter of natural gas
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| After the fall of the Iron Curtain.. | internet usage skyrocketed, influx of western pop culture, increased consumerism, increased night life in cities
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| Advantages of Russia | vast size, abundant natural resources, esp oil & gas, well educated people, quickly became one of world's greatest industrial powers
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| disadvantages of russia | transporation costs associated w/ vast size, so far north-food production is difficult, unstable economically b/c of lack of infrastructure, mafia, corruption, & fear, poor healthcare, culture of dependence
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| Russian Domain issues | demographics: shrinking population over vast area. economic system: capitalist, socialist (communist)
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