Forensic Toxicology
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| the transformation of a chemical in the body to another chemical to facilitate its elimination from the body | metabolism
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| passage of alcohol across the wall of the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream | absorption
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| the combination of oxygen with other substances to produce new products | oxidation
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| elimination of alcohol from the body in an unchanged state usually by breath and urine | excretion
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| a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart | artery
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| a blood vessel that transports blood toward the heart | vein
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| a tiny blood vessel across whose walls exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues takes place; it receives blood from arteries and carries it to veins | capillary
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| small sacs in the lungs through whose walls air and other vapors are exchanged between the breath and the blood | alveoli
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| a detector in which chemical reactions produce electricity | fuel cell detector
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| a substance that prevents coagulation or clotting of blood | anticoagulant
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| a substance that stops the growth of microorganisms in blood | preservative
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| an individual charged with the responsibility of detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs | toxicologist
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| a compound capable of donating a hydrogen ion (H+) to another compound | acid
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| a compound capable of accepting a hydrogen ion (H+) | base
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| a scale used to express the basicity of acidity of a substance | pH scale
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| The most heavily used drug in the Western world is _________. | alcohol
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| Forensic toxicologists can work in ____________, ____________, ____________, and _____________ | crime labs, medical examiners' offices, hospital labs, and health facilities
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| a colorless liquid normally diluted with water and consumed as a beverage | alcohol
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| blood alcohol concentration is directly proportional to concentration of alcohol in the ______ | brain
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| Alcohol consumed on an empty stomach is absorbed (faster, slower) than an equivalent amount of alcohol taken when there is food in the stomach. | faster
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| An average human on an empty stomach, alcohol is entirely absorbed into the blood within ________ after the completion of drinking | 30-90 minutes
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| An average human on a full stomach, alcohol is entirely absorbed into the blood within ________ after the completion of drinking | 2-3 hours
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| the _________ the time for complete absorption to occur, the lower the peak alcohol concentration in the blood | longer
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| In the post absorption period, alcohol is distributed uniformly among the _________ portions of the body. | watery
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| elimination of alcohol throughout the body is accomplished through _________ and ___________ | oxidation and excretion
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| oxidation takes place almost entirely in the ________ where the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol into ________ | liver; acetic acid
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| about 5% of the alcohol is excreted unchanged in the ________, ________, and ____________ | breath, urine, and perspiration
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| Ninety-five to 98 percent of the alcohol consumed is _________ to carbon dioxide and water. | oxidized
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| percent weight per volume | blood alcohol concentration
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| The amount of alcohol exhaled in the _________ is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood. | breath
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| Alcohol is eliminated from the blood at an average rate of _________ percent w/v (weight per volume) | 0.015
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| 1 gram of alcohol per ________ milliliters of blood | 100
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| the current legal measure of drunk drinking in the United States is a blood alcohol concentration of _____ percent, or _______ grams per 100 milliliters of blood or _______ mg/dL | 0.08%, 0.08 grams, 80 mg/dL
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| Alcohol is absorbed into the blood from the _________ and _________. | stomach and small intestine
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| alcohol is carried to the ______ where the process of its destruction starts | liver
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| in the ___________, alcohol is in equilibrium with the blood | alveoli sacs
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| the temperature at which the breath leaves the mouth is normally _______ | 34 degrees Celsius
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| the ratio of alcohol in the blood to alcohol in alveolar breath is approximately ______ to 1 | 2,100
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| Most modern breath testers use _________ radiation to detect and measure alcohol in the breath. | infrared
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| To avoid the possibility of “mouth alcohol,” the operator of a breath tester must not allow the subject to take any foreign materials into the mouth for _________ minutes before the test. | 15
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| Alcohol can be separated from other volatiles in blood and quantitated by the technique of _________. | gas chromatography
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| Roadside breath testers that use a(n) _________ detector are becoming increasingly popular with the law enforcement community. | fuel cell
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| Usually, when a person’s blood-alcohol concentration is in the range of 0.10 percent, horizontal-gaze nystagmus begins before the eyeball has moved _________ degrees to the side. | 45
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| Failure to add a preservative, such as sodium fluoride, to blood removed from a living person may lead to a(n) (decline, increase) in alcohol concentration. | decline
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| The ____________________test, _____________, and _____________ are all considered reliable and effective psychological tests | horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk and turn, one-leg stand
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| In the case of _________, the Supreme Court ruled that taking nontestimonial evidence, such as a blood sample, did not violate a suspect’s Fifth Amendment rights. | Schmerber vs. California 1966
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| In the case of __________, the Supreme Court ruled that police should obtain a search warrant prior to the drawing of a person's blood alcohol testing | Missouri vs. McNeely 2013
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| states that the operation of a motor vehicle on a public highway must either consent to a test for alcohol intoxication, if requested, or lose his/her license for some designated period | implied consent law
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| Heroin is changed upon entering the body into _________ which then metabolizes into _________ | 6-acetylmorphine; morphine
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| The body fluids _________ and _________ are both desirable for the toxicological examination of a living person suspected of being under the influence of a drug. | blood and urine
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| Barbiturates are classified as _________ drugs. | depressant
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| Drugs are extracted from body fluids and tissues by carefully controlling the _________ of the medium in which the sample has been dissolved. | pH
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| The technique of _________ is based on specific drug antibody reactions. | Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)
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| Both _________ and _________ tests must be incorporated into the drug-testing protocol of a toxicology laboratory to ensure the correctness of the laboratory’s conclusions | screening and confirmation
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| The gas _________ combines with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin, thus interfering with the transportation of oxygen in the blood. | carbon monoxide
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| The amount of carbon monoxide in blood is usually expressed as _________. | percent saturation
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| Interaction of alcohol and barbiturates in the body can produce a(n) _________ effect | synergistic
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| The _________ program incorporates standardized methods for examining suspects to determine whether they have taken one or more drugs. | Drug Recognition Expert (DRE)
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| A(n) _________ carries blood away from the heart; a(n) _________ carries blood back to the heart. | artery, vein
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| The _________ artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. | pulmonary
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| Alcohol passes from the blood capillaries into the _________ in the lungs. | alveolar sacs
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| When alcohol is being absorbed into the blood, the alcohol concentration in venous blood is (higher, lower) than that in arterial blood. | lower
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| Explain how alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream, transported throughout the body, and eliminated by oxidation and excretion. | Alcohol is absorbed mainly in the stomach and small intestine, enters the bloodstream quickly, and distributes through body water. It's mostly broken down in the liver; the rest exits via breath, urine, and sweat. Breath levels reflect blood levels.
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| Describe the process by which alcohol is excreted in the breath via the lungs. | In the lungs, alcohol in the blood enters the alveoli and is exhaled along with carbon dioxide, while oxygen is absorbed. Oxygenated blood then circulates through the body via arteries and returns to the heart through veins, completing the cycle.
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| Discuss the methods used to determine alcohol intoxication. | Alcohol intoxication is measured mainly by BAC via blood tests (often using gas chromatography), breath tests (like breathalyzers), or field sobriety tests. Breath tests rely on a fixed blood-to-breath alcohol ratio of 2,100 to 1.
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| Discuss the process involved in the analysis of blood for alcohol. | Blood alcohol analysis uses gas chromatography to accurately separate and measure ethanol. Blood is collected with care, sealed with preservatives, then tested. Ethanol levels are determined by comparing results to known standards.
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| Explain how the “implied consent” law recommended by the NHTSA addressed the constitutional issues raised against blood-alcohol laws. | Implied consent laws require drivers to submit to alcohol testing, balancing public safety with the Fifth Amendment. Refusing a test can lead to penalties like license suspension. All states adopted this law by 1973 to address self-incrimination concerns.
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| Describe the role of the forensic toxicologist and the techniques they use to identify substances. | Forensic toxicologists detect and identify drugs or poisons in body fluids and tissues. Their work supports legal and medical investigations using techniques like chromatography, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry to analyze substances.
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| Explain how to coordinate the drug recognition expert program with a forensic toxicology result. | The DRE program uses a 12-step process to assess drug impairment. Results are documented and paired with toxicology tests. Lab findings, interpreted alongside DRE observations, provide a full picture of a suspect’s drug influence and behavior
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