Bio exam 3 sem 2
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| archaea | single-celled, lack nucleus, but archaea live in extreme conditions (extremophiles) and are genetically different according to their 18S rRNA
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| bacteria | single-celled, lack nucleus, but are genetically different from archaea according to their 18S rRNA
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| clade | grouping of organisms based on a common ancestor
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| domain | archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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| eukaryote | have a nucleus
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| genus | groups of species that share a common ancestor
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| species | groups of organisms that can interbreed
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| systematics | studying the relationship of organisms, past, present using evolutionary trees
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| taxonomy | process of naming, describing and classifying organisms
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| 8 categories of Linnaean classification | (Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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| Scientific name is written | Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase) all italicized/underlined
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| if archaea are single-celled prokaryotes why aren't they in bacteria | sequences of the 18S rRNA, they're genetically different from another
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| sizes of bacteria, eukaryotic cells, and viruses | Eukaryotic>bacteria>viruses
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| characteristics used to classify bacteria | shape, gram positive/negative, clusters
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| gram positive (Purple) | top layer is a peptidoglycan layer
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| gram negative (the word pink has the letter n- in it) | top layer is an outer membrane composed of proteins and phospholipids
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| 3 main shapes of bacteria | cocci, bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (spirals)
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| why aren't viruses considered alive | viruses don't make ATP, don't have organelles
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| lytic cycle | simple, virus infects cell, has the cell make its' copies and then the cell explodes with the viral particles
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| lysogenic cycle | longer (much like the length of the word lysogenic), it infects a cell, then introduces its DNA into the hosts' chromosomes, the host replicates on its' own and replicates more of the viruses with it. Then the viruses are activated (due to stress)
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| bioremediation | using biology to remove pollutants from the air, soil, water. Like oil-eating bacteria cleaning up the oil spills
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| conjugation | one bacteria projects a pilus to pull another bacteria, sharing bacterial DNA
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| binary fission | bacteria make copies of their DNA and pinch itself into 2 daughter cells
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| endospore | think of undercover, they're inactive, but can be reactivated when their environment becomes safe to do so
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| plasmid | circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells (used in labs to introduce foreign DNA since they're easily manipulated) can contain genomes that help the bacteria survive (like the ability to use a different food source)
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| pathogenic means | causing disease
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| do prokaryotes reproduce asexually or sexually? | both (binary fission is asexually, but conjugation, transduction and transformation)
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| plant-like algae protists (2 groups) | single celled plankton, multicellular seaweed
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| animal-like protists (3 groups) | amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium
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| fungus-like protists (2 groups) | slime and water molds
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| algae | photosynthetic protists, includes plankton and seaweed
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| amoebas and paramecium | single-celled, predatory, some are photosynthetic
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| diatoms | used in diatomaceous earth because they produce silica glass shell when they die
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| dinoflagellates | some are bioluminescent, some cause red tide, they have 2 flagella one that's a tail, and one in their middle
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| planktons | single-celled algae protist
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| protozoans | single-celled animal-like protists like amoebas and paramecium
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| euglenoids | plant-like photosynthetic protists but are also animal-like since they have an eyespot
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| transformation | pick up DNA from a dead cell
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| transduction | bacterial cells infected by viruses (bacteriophages)
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