APUSH vocab
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| McCarthyism | The political repression and prosecution of individuals who were thought to be communist without much proof. It is also known as the Second Red Scare and was led by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy.
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| Alger Hiss | U.S State Department official who was accused and convicted of perjury concerning his dealings with Whittaker Chambers, who accused him of membership in a communist espionage ring.
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| HUAC | The House Un-American Activities Committee was created in 1938 to investigate disloyalty and rebel activities of private citizens, public officials and organizations suspected of having Communist ties.
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| Hollywood 10 | A group of 10 film industry members who were blacklisted by HUAC because they refused to testify.
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| McCarran Internal Security Act | Strengthened laws against espionage, limited free speech, and allowed for the investigation and deportation of immigrants to protect the United States against communist activities.
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| Rosenberg Case | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were an American couple who were convinced and sentenced to death for providing the Soviet Union with top-secret information about American weaponry.
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| Army-McCarthy Hearings | Series of televised hearings which investigated accusations between the United States Army and Senator McCarthy. Due to these hearings, McCarthy’s popularity began to decline and people began to realize that there was no merit to the accusations.
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| Levittowns | Large suburban housing developments made in the 1950s by William J. Levitt. They were the first modern American suburb, however, these houses were only sold to white buyers.
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| I Love Lucy | A popular television sitcom that follows the life of Lucy Ricardo, a young, middle-class housewife living in New York City. It was the first scripted television program, and showed how the television became the next big commercial item.
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| Elvis | The King of Rock ’n’ Roll who revolutionized popular music with his flamboyant personality.
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| Beatniks | Young people who rejected the norms of conventional society and stressed artistic self-expression in the 1950s.
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| Jack Kerouac | American novelist and poet who was a pioneer of the Beat generation. Civil rights for society and integrated white and black cultures as equals. In his most famous book, On the Road, he critiqued American conformity and consumerism in the 1950s.
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| Allen Ginsberg | Another author and poet who pioneered the Beat generation. He opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression. In his most famous poem Howl, Ginsberg denounced the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States
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| Massive Retaliation | Eisenhower’s policy to deter the Soviets from attacking by making sure that the United States could retaliate with disproportionate nuclear force. Advocated by John Foster Dulles.
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| Brinkmanship | Strategy implemented most famously by JFK during the Cuban Missile Crisis by using fear and intimidation to push a conflict to the edge of disaster in hopes that the other side will back down.
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| Interstate Highway Act 1956 | Bill that provided for a 65,000 km national system of interstate and defense highways.
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| Sputnik | First satellite that was launched into space by the Soviet Union, which caused the US to realize that they needed to catch up the the technological and scientific developments of the USSR
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| NASA | Agency that led America’s space program in response to Soviet advances in space exploration.
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| National Defense and Education Act | Enabled the country’s educational system to meet the demands posed by national security needs - bolstered the US’ ability to compete with the Soviet Union in areas of Science and technology.
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| Eisenhower Doctrine | US foreign policy promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. The US realized that they needed to appeal to poor countries to stop the spread of communism
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| U-2 Crisis | American high altitude spy plane detected by the Soviets. Ended first thaw in Cold War (Khrushchev walked out of Paris summit intended to result in disarmament)
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| 1960 Election Debates | The first ever presidential debates were between Nixon and JFK. They were televised across the country and the winner of the debate boiled down to how they looked and spoke, rather than what they actually said.
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| New Frontier | Platform launched by JFK in the 1960 democratic election. Major proposals included establishing a volunteer Peace Corps, raising the minimum wage, raising Social Security benefits, providing medicare and medicaid, and providing federal aid to education.
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| Flexible Response | US defense strategy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, and military options are used to deter an enemy attack. Discouraged massive retaliation, and encouraged mutual deterrence.
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| Green Berets | The United States Army Special Forces, and they were sent into South Vietnam by President Kennedy to train the forces against North Vietnam.
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| Bay of Pigs | Made Kennedy look bad fresh in his presidency. Eisenhower authorized the CIA Kennedy approved the invasion. Planned uprising failed. Cuban exiles stuck on the beach and surrendered because no US forces were sent to save them
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| Cuban Missile Crisis | Soviets plant missile sites in Cuba in response to Bay of Pigs invasion. U.S. sets up naval blockade. Khrushchev removes missiles in exchange for US pledge to not invade Cuba and remove some missiles from Turkey. Nuclear test ban treaty 1963.
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| Berlin Crisis | East German police and military units sealed off all areas leading to West Berlin. Later, they installed barriers with barbed wire to prevent East Germans from escaping to the West
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| Peace Corps | organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries
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| Great Society | Johnson’s agenda for Congress to give aid to education, medicare, urban renewal, fight against poverty, and control and prevention of crime.
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| The Other America | Novel written by Michael Harrington which argued that up to 25% of the nation was living in poverty. This book influenced LBJ’s War on Poverty and shed light on poverty in America.
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| War on Poverty | The War on Poverty began with LBJ’s Economic Opportunity Act, which was the start of many anti-poverty programs that provided access to health care, nutritional assistance, and educational support that continue today.
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| Medicaid/Medicare | Medicaid is a health insurance program for people with limited income, and Medicare is a health insurance program for the elderly. They were established by the Social Security Amendments of 1965
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| Immigration Act 1965 | Abolished all immigration quotas and eliminated national origin, race, and ancestry as a basis for immigration.
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