Case Studies
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| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government
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| United States v. Lopez (1995) | legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 26, 1995, ruled 5–4 that the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional because the U.S. Congress, in enacting the legislation, had exceeded its authority under the commerce clause.
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| Baker v. Carr (1962) | Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.
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| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | the justices decided that using racial reasons for redistricting is unconstitutional.
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| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | the U.S. Supreme Court first declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. The court's opinion, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law.
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| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | the Court held that respondent's decision to use its school system to facilitate recitation of the official prayer violated the Establishment Clause.
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| Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) | Under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, a state law requiring that children attend school past eighth grade violates the parents' constitutional right to direct the religious upbringing of their children.
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| Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) | The court found that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and school officials could not censor student speech unless it disrupted the educational process because wearing a black armband was not disruptive,
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| Schenck v. United States (1919) | In Schenck v. United States, Charles Schenck was charged under the Espionage Act for mailing printed circulars critical of the military draft. Writing for a unanimous Court, Justice Oliver Holmes
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| New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) | the Court established a “heavy presumption against prior restraint,” even in cases involving national security. This means that the Court is very likely to find cases of government censorship unconstitutional.
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| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) | affirmed an individual's right to possess firearms for self-defense under the federal law. McDonald extended this individual right to state and local levels, effectively limiting the power of states and municipalities to restrict gun ownership.
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| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves.
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| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the "separate but equal"
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| DOI, | The Department of the Interior manages public lands and minerals, national parks, and wildlife refuges and upholds Federal trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and Native Alaskans.
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| Federalist 10 | Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution.
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| Brutus I | Brutus No. 1 is an essay written by an anonymous author, believed to be Robert Yates , and published in 1787 as a response to The Federalist Papers .
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| A Letter from a Birmingham Jail | Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham Jail while he was imprisoned for leading nonviolent civil rights demonstrations in Alabama in 1963.
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| Constitution | a single written document that explicitly creates government institutions, defines the scope of government power, and guarantees certain civil liberties.
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