astro reading quiz 7
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| Suppose we use a baseball to represent Earth. On this scale, the other terrestrial worlds (Mercury, Venus, the Moon, and Mars) would range in size approximately from that of _________. | a golf ball to a baseball
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| From center to surface, which of the following correctly lists the interior layers of a terrestrial world? | core, mantle, crust
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| What do we mean when we say that the terrestrial worlds underwent differentiation? | Differentiation therefore occurred very early in each planet's history, before it cooled enough for much of its interior to solidify.
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| A terrestrial world's lithosphere is ________. | a layer of relatively strong, rigid rock, encompassing the crust and part of the mantle
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| The two most important processes in heating the interiors of the terrestrial worlds are: | (1) Heat deposited by the process of formation; (2) heat released by radioactive decay.
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| Which of the following is an example of convection? | Warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall.
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| In general, which things below are affected by a magnetic field? | Charged particles or magnetized materials (such as iron).
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| What is a magnetosphere? | a region of space around a planet in which the planet's magnetic field can trap charged particles
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| The processes responsible for virtually all surface geology are _________. | Virtually all surface features trace to one or more of these four processes.
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| In the context of planetary geology, what do we mean by outgassing? | the release by volcanism of gases that had been trapped in a planetary interior
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| Which of the following is not an example of tectonics? | The gradual disappearance of a crater rim as a result of wind and rain.
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| Which of the following is the most basic definition of a greenhouse gas? | a gas that absorbs infrared light
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| Suppose we represent Earth with a basketball. On this scale, most of the air in Earth's atmosphere would fit in a layer that is _________. | about the thickness of a sheet of paper
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| Which of the following best describes the lunar maria? | relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
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| Why does the Moon have a layer of "powdery soil" on its surface? | It is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the Moon.
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| What observational evidence supports the idea that Mercury once shrank by some 20 kilometers in radius? | the presence of many long, tall cliffs
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| Olympus Mons is ______. | a huge volcano on Mars
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| Which of the following does not provide evidence that Mars once had abundant liquid water on its surface? | the presence of canali, discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Percival Lowell.
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| Based on its surface features, the most important event on Venus in the past billion years or so was _________. | a global "repaving" that erased essentially all the surface features that had existed earlier
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| What do we mean by a runaway greenhouse effect? | a greenhouse effect that keeps getting stronger until all of a planet's greenhouse gases are in its atmosphere
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| On average, how fast do the plates move on the Earth? | a few centimeters per year
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| How does seafloor crust differ from continental crust? | Seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density.
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| In the context of plate tectonics, what is a subduction zone? | A place where a seafloor plate is sliding under a continental plate.
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| What is the importance of the carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle? | It regulates the carbon dioxide concentration of our atmosphere, keeping temperatures moderate.
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| Earth has been gradually warming over the past few decades. Based on a great deal of evidence, scientists believe that this warming is caused by _____. | human activities that are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
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| Based on all we know about the terrestrial worlds, what factor appears to play the most important role in a terrestrial planet's geological destiny? | its size
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