Biology Test #4
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| show | synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA
🗑
|
||||
| show | carries genetic message from DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell
🗑
|
||||
| Translation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ribosomes | show 🗑
|
||||
| In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the... | show 🗑
|
||||
| primary transcript | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | set of 3 nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
🗑
|
||||
| show | DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA Transcript
🗑
|
||||
| Codon | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reading Frame | show 🗑
|
||||
| RNA polymerase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Promoter | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detatch from the DNA
🗑
|
||||
| show | a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
🗑
|
||||
| show | initiation, elongation, and termination.
🗑
|
||||
| Transcription initiation complex | show 🗑
|
||||
| TATA box | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining of exons, and alteration of the 5 prime and 3 prime ends
🗑
|
||||
| 5 prime cap | show 🗑
|
||||
| poly-A tail | show 🗑
|
||||
| RNA splicing | show 🗑
|
||||
| introns | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
🗑
|
||||
| spliceosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing
🗑
|
||||
| show | a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
🗑
|
||||
| domains | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | and RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
🗑
|
||||
| anticodon | show 🗑
|
||||
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5 prime end of a tRNA anticodon can from hydrogen binds with more than on ekind of base in the third position (3 prime end) of a codon
🗑
|
||||
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | show 🗑
|
||||
| P site (peptidyl site) | show 🗑
|
||||
| A site (aminoacyl site) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | one of a ribosomes three binding sites for tRNA during translation. the E site is the place where discharged tRNA's leave the ribosome.
🗑
|
||||
| polyribosomes (polysomes) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino)end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell
🗑
|
||||
| show | a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity. Mutations can also occur in the DNA or RNA of a virus
🗑
|
||||
| show | a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
🗑
|
||||
| base-pair substitution | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
🗑
|
||||
| Nonsense Mutation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Deletion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Insertion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a mutation occuring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons
🗑
|
||||
| Mutagens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the reproduction of cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; the eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase
🗑
|
||||
| Genome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
🗑
|
||||
| show | any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg
🗑
|
||||
| show | a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
🗑
|
||||
| Sister Chromatids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are most closely attached
🗑
|
||||
| show | the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
🗑
|
||||
| show | process nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei
🗑
|
||||
| Cytokinesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meiosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mitotic (M) phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Interphase | show 🗑
|
||||
| G0 Phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| G1 Phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated
🗑
|
||||
| G2 Phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prophase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prometaphase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Metaphase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
🗑
|
||||
| Telophase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
🗑
|
||||
| show | structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles
🗑
|
||||
| Aster | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kinetochore | show 🗑
|
||||
| Metaphase plate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cleavage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
🗑
|
||||
| show | a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis
🗑
|
||||
| Binary Fission | show 🗑
|
||||
| Origin of replication | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle
🗑
|
||||
| Cell Cycle Control System | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a protein kinase that is active on when attached to a particular cyclin
🗑
|
||||
| show | a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase
🗑
|
||||
| show | A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
🗑
|
||||
| Density-Dependent inhibition | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide.
🗑
|
||||
| Transformation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site.
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the flow of genetic information in a cell, from DNA to protein. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Translation, and transcription
Transcription- carries code
Translation- translates the code.
Transcription takes place in the nucleus
Translation takes place in the cytoplasm and Endoplasmic Reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| show | the only difference between the 2 is carbon prime 2. Page 87.
🗑
|
||||
| What macromolecules make up chromosomes? Which of these stores and encodes the genetic information? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | One of the strands of DNA is flipped directionality, so 5 prime on the top of one strand and 3 prime at the bottom of one strand, would be 3 prime at the top of the other strand and 5 prime on the bottom of the other strand.
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the backbone of a strand of DNA. Is that backbone charged? If so, what is contributing to its charge, and is the charge positive or negative? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5Õ A T G C T G A A 3Õ, write the sequence of the complementary strand | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A codon is a group of 3 nucleotides (base pairs) that code for an amino acid, or a “stop.”
Triplet nature- several different codons can code for one amino acid
🗑
|
||||
| If I made a mutation in the promoter of a gene, such that ___________ can no longer bind to it, would it still be transcribed? Explain your answer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Cytosine, Adenine, Uracil, and Guanine
🗑
|
||||
| show | rRNa, tRNA, mRNA
rRNA- part of ribosome complex, so ribosome RNA
mRNA- is translated into the protein, messenger RNA
tRNA- Transfer RNA, transfer amino acids into polypeptides.
🗑
|
||||
| What happens at the promoter anyway? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the 3 prime end grows during the elongation phase
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the transcriptional terminator? How is this different than the function of a stop codon? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mRNA is released from the DNA strand, and then goes through RNA processing which removes the introns from the mRNA, but caps it with a 5 prime cap, and it adds a poly A tail.
🗑
|
||||
| show | No, because it was not part of the DNA. It wasnt transcribed from the original DNA strand, it was added during RNA Processing.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Exons are included, introns are not, they are removed during RNA processing.
🗑
|
||||
| In a euk cell, where is the DNA stored? a. the cell membrane b. ribosomes c. nucleus d. nucleoid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which enzyme acts in the mouth to digest polysaccharides? | show 🗑
|
||||
| DNA is a polymer of a. amino acids b. nucleotides c. fatty acids d. monosaccharides | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which bonds hold the 2 DNA strands in a DNA molecule together? a. ionic b. polar covalent c. nonpolar covalent d. hydrogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A & T
🗑
|
||||
| A DNA strand has the sequence ATGCCT- what is its complement? a. TCCGTA b. AGGCAT c. TACGGA d. ATGCCT | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transcription
🗑
|
||||
| show | C#5
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1
🗑
|
||||
| The promoter is made of a. DNA b. mRNA c. rRNA d. protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a poly(A) tail
🗑
|
||||
| show | Transcriptional terminator- its what release the RNA, has anti codon complementary to the stop codon.
Stop Codon- The stop codon is what brings in the transcriptional terminator.
🗑
|
||||
| show | A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides.
All codons don’t code for an amino acid, a stop codon is not an amino acid, but a start codon is an amino acid.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| show | tRNA- transfer RNA, brings in new amino acids
mRNA- message RNA, what comes out of nucleus and codes for what needs to be made
rRNA- ribosomal RNA, what makes up ribosomes.
🗑
|
||||
| show | it looks like a clover. the amino acid is attached at the top, and the anti codon is at the bottom, it interacts with mRNA at the bottom, where the anticodon is
🗑
|
||||
| show | mRNA
🗑
|
||||
| show | CAU, which would be histonine
🗑
|
||||
| show | P site- peptidayl site, builds the amino acid, where actual linking occurs.
A site- attachment site, where codon and anti codon form a hydrogen bond.
E site- exit site, where tRNA leaves.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Start codon, figure 17.17
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tRNA comes in with its amino acid, and transfers it to the polypeptide, hydrolysis is brought in to release the tRNA.
🗑
|
||||
| show | In brings in a release factor, and the release factor breaks apart the ribosome. No, there is no corresponding tRNA.
🗑
|
||||
| For each of the following protein destinations, group them according to which ÒpathwayÓ (e.g. bound or free ribosomes/ endomembrane/cytoplasm) they will follow in terms of protein localization (so put them together in the proper groupings) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a KDEL sequence? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Predict the location of a GFP that has only a SS- | show 🗑
|
||||
| Predict the location of a GFP that has only a KDEL (but no SS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Predict the location of a GFP that hasboth a SS and a KDEL-bound | show 🗑
|
||||
| Predict the location of a GFP that has a SS and a mutated KDEL- | show 🗑
|
||||
| What part of the tRNA binds to the codon? a. 3Õ end b. anticodon c. promoter | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hydrogen
🗑
|
||||
| show | all of the above
🗑
|
||||
| Where does RNA polymerase work? a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. mitochondria d. cell membrane | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mitochondria
🗑
|
||||
| Which would be secreted out of the cell? a. cytochrome c oxidase b. RNA polymerase c. insulin d. histones | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endomembrane system order is... | show 🗑
|
||||
| proteins are made in... | show 🗑
|
||||
| What kinds of modifications can happen to proteins as they pass through the ER and the Golgi? Would RNA polymerase ever pass through the ER and Golgi? Is RNA polymerase involved in transcription or translation? What does it actually do. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The organelle that is not working properly is the lysosome. The lysosome is not working because, of a defective phosotransferase , therefore causing the waste to exit the cell, causing a build up of waste material.
🗑
|
||||
| show | signal peptide, the effect of this is it brings it to the ER.
🗑
|
||||
| What signals that a protein should go to the lysosome? What happens in lysosomes? Why are lysosomes Òideally suitedÓ to carry out their role (why wonÕt lysosomal activity occur in the cytoplasm?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens when a short stretch of amino acids is translated, and that stretch of amino acids contains an ER signal sequence? What if some of the leucines in that SS were replaced by histidines? What would happen to the localization of that protein? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | directs protein, tells it whether its going to stay in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
🗑
|
||||
| show | would be bound. would go all the way through secretion, leave the cell.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Free ribosome, would be in cytoplasm.
🗑
|
||||
| show | bound, would be in ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
🗑
|
||||
| Predict the location of a GFP that has both a SS and a mutated KDEL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Mitosis is the reproduction of cells, for things such as skin and hair. The products of mitotic cell are division identical to one another. Compared to the parent cell they have the same genetic material. No, that parent cell doesn’t exist.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the general steps that a cell needs to carry out in order to completely divide? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | It gets the signal to divide during, G1
🗑
|
||||
| show | G1- is where it decides if its going to divide
G0- is where the cell is a continual stage of maintenance.
🗑
|
||||
| show | After replication it looks like an X rater than a single chromatid. Before it was a single strand of a chromatid.
🗑
|
||||
| centromere- | show 🗑
|
||||
| promoter | show 🗑
|
||||
| terminator | show 🗑
|
||||
| stop codon | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | its a protein and DNA, stores hereditary information
🗑
|
||||
| show | protein, regulatory molecules that drive the stages of interphase.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cyclin dependent kinase (cdk)
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the levels and activity of both cyclins and cdks at different stages in the cell cycle (in general terms). | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | it transfers phosphate groups, from one molecule to another one.
🗑
|
||||
| If p53 is technically a nuclear protein, is it translated on bound or free ribosomes? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Li-Fraunemi syndrome? Why do people with Li-Fraunemi syndrome develop cancer at an early age? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chromosomes separate during a. mitosis b. G1 c. G2 d. cytokinesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | G2
🗑
|
||||
| The centromere is a. where RNA polymerase binds b. one of the two DNA molecules present in a replicated chromosome c. a DNA sequence at the constriction of a chromosome d. the specialized proteins that form the scaffold of the chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which is an active kinase? a. cdk b. cyclin c. cyclin/cdk d. all of the above | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | p53 is stabilized, goes to nucleus, mediates transcription, fix problem
🗑
|
||||
| ÒFixingÓ the problem a. pause and repair b. die c. what problem? Keep dividing anyway. d. a or b | show 🗑
|
||||
| What would happen to a skin cell that LACKS p53 when its exposed to UV radiation? a.it would arrest until the DNA damage is repaired (good cell) b.it might die and peel off c.it would keep dividing, even in the presence of damaged DNA (cancer cell) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens if mutations convert some of the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER SS to hydrophilic or charged amino acids? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Outline the steps that happen that allow a cell to pause, repair DNA &/or die in response to DNA damage. Hint: your answer should include terms like DNA repair genes, gene expression, p53, DNA damage checkpoint, phosphorylated p53 etc. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Be sure you can find the 5, and 3 carbon of the sugar of a deoxyribonucleotide. What would be different if this were a ribonucleotide? Also be sure you can find the 5Õ end and 3Õ end of a single strand of DNA, and be able to say what you find at each end. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Describe the structure of a DNA helix . What kind of bond is found between two nucleotides along the backbone? What is it formed between? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Because G and C have 3 hydrogen bonds, compared to A and T which only have 2 hydrogen bonds.
🗑
|
||||
| What role does helicase play in replication? a.joins Okazaki fragments on lagging strnd b.joins Okazaki fragments on leading str c.provides a 3ÕOH for DNA pol III to add nucleotides d.removes RNA primer e.separates two strands of DNA at replication f | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | draw
🗑
|
||||
| show | Its made discontinuously
🗑
|
||||
| show | ligase
🗑
|
||||
| Is there any RNA primer on the leading strand? Explain your answer. And what is the ÒpointÓ of having an RNA primer anyway? (i.e. why is a primer even needed?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | half old DNA strand, half new DNA strand.
🗑
|
||||
| show | DNA is added by DNA polymerase 3, and it adds to both leading and lagging strands.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Its completely replicated, has 2 sets of chromosomes.
🗑
|
||||
| show | compacts them, starts to wrap around histones, and makes it easier to be pulled apart.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Spindle Pole sends out microtubules, which actually pulls apart the chromosomes, grabs at centromere and just pulls apar
🗑
|
||||
| show | structure consists fibers made of microtubules & associated proteins. arrangement of microtubules in interphase are close together,but in mitosis they migrate opposite ends to pull chromosome apart. attach at the centromere and pull apart.
figure 12.6
🗑
|
||||
| We said that a DNA damage checkpoint acts during the cell cycle- review what happens at this checkpoint if DNA damage is present (not just outcomes, but the mechanism that leads to these outcomes). | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Mitosis- is the separation of chromosomes
Cytokinesis- splitting of the daughter cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Free, it doesn’t have a signal sequence.
🗑
|
||||
| DNA polymerase III works in the nucleus. Is it made on bound or free ribosomes? Does it have an ER SS? | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
tomtom90