Cold War
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| United Nations | An international organization formed in 1945, based in NY, which included the United States, Soviet Union, and 48 other countries
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| Iron curtain | Winston Churchill’s phrase that described the division in Europe: mostly democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe
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| Containment | A foreign policy adopted by President Truman that was directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. The policy included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances
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| Truman Doctrine | Announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, a U.S. policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents
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| Marshall Plan | An assistance program, costing $12.5 billion, after WWII that provided food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe
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| Cold War | the state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following WWII
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| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western Euopean nations, the United States, and Canada
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| Warsaw Pact | Alliances formed by the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and West Berlin in 1955
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| Brinkmanship | policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression
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| 38th Parallel | A line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees: north of this line is where Japanese troops surrendered to Soviet forces, south of this line is where Japanese troops surrendered to American troops. This formed North and South Korea.
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| Douglas MacArthur | U.S. General that commanded a total of 15 nations during the Korean War
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| Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese nationalist, turned communist, who led revolts and strikes against the French
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| Domino Theory | The idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under Communist control
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| Ngo Dinh Diem | Led a dictatorial anti-communist government in South Vietnam
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| Vietcong | A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War
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| Vietnamization | President Nixon’s plan to gradually pull out U.S. troops while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role. To help with this plan, Nixon authorized a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnamese bases and supply routes
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| Khmer Rouge | A Communist government in Cambodia led by Pol Pot that tried to turn Cambodia into a Communist country
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| Third World | Developing nations, often newly independent, who were not aligned with either superpower: U.S. or Soviet Union
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| Nonaligned Nations | The independent countries that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
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| Fidel Castro | Dictator of Cuba from 1959-Present
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| Nikita Khrushchev | Became the dominant Soviet leader in 1953 after Stalin died
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| Destalinization | Khrushchev’s policy to rid the country of Stalin’s memory
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| Leonid Brezhnev | The replacement for Khrushchev after he was voted to be removed from power in 1964, adopted repressive domestic policies. Policies limited basic human rights such as freedom of speech and worship
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| John F. Kennedy | U.S. President from 1961-1963. In power during the Cuban Missile Crisis
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| Lyndon Johnson | Took over for Kennedy as President after his assassination in 1963. Escalated U.S. involvement in Vietnam
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| Détente | policy of lessening Cold War tensions, replaced brinkmanship
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| Richard M. Nixon | U.S. President who enforced Détente
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| Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) | Talks in 1972 between the Soviet Union and the U.S. (Brezhnev and Nixon) where they signed the SALT I Treaty.
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| Ronald Reagan | U.S. President from 1981-1989 and put a lot of economic and military pressure on the Soviets
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| Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) | A program to protect against enemy missiles, it was not put into effect but remained as a symbol of U.S. anti-communist sentiment
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