APUSH Chap 17: Industrial America: Corporations and Conflicts (1877-1911) Vocab
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| Homestead Lockout | 1892 lockout at Pennyslvania steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract - Union supporters/workers attacked Pinkerton National Detective Agency guards hired to protect the mill, but National Guard broke the strike.
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| management revolution | internal management structure adopted by large corps that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function. Specialized management (sales, finance, advertising, purchasing, etc.)
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| Vertical Integration | Swift's practice where a single entity /company controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
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| Horizontal Integration | Rockefeller absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. a type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition.
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| trust | small group of associates (board of trustees) that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. evolved into other centralized business forms
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| Deskilling | process of breaking down the tasks involved in the production of goods or services into parts that can be done by someone without specialized training.
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| mass production | ford and swift belief that production of goods in large numbers and cheaply, through the use of machinery and assembly lines
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| Scientific Management | management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) laws that barred/denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
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| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
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| Greenback Labor Party | Political party made up of grangers, labor advocates, and local workingmen's. devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.
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| Producerism | argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."
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| Granger Laws | set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.
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| Knights of Labor | Led by Terence V. Powderly: open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; its goal was to create a cooperative society/social reforms. between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked
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| Anarchism | Many groups including the socialists and Marxists opposed the idea of a state and favored the abolition of government. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation.
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| Haymarket Square | A May Day rally in Chicago that turned violent when a bomb was in the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin.
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| Farmers' Alliance | arose in 1873 to take up issues that grangers and greebackers had to address. became the largest based movement worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
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| Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) which monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states to regulate railroad prices. counteracted the supreme court decision of Wabash v. Illinois
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| closed shop | A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.
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| American Federation of Labor | first federation of labor union in US. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. arose from dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist/communist ideas, was non-violent. sought better wages, hrs, work cond. had skilled/well-paid workers
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| Andrew Carnegie | Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry , built a massive steel mill.
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| Gustavus Swift | Chicago cattle dealer, who enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration-monopolized the meat industry. Developed mechanical refrigeration-earned him a fortune-provided a major stimulus to the growth of the cattle industry.
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| John D. Rockefeller | American industrialist and philanthropist; he made a fortune in the oil and petroleum business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business. created trust companies and the Standard Oil Company
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| Henry George | A California printer, journalist, influential activist, controversial reformer whose ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty (1879), were widely propagated.
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| Terence Powderly | led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor. had opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)
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| Lenora Barry | Irish American widow who was forced into factory work. held national office within the Knights of Labor. She brought attention to the conditions of working women through her involvement in the labor reform movement.
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| Samuel Gompers | Jewish cigar maker whose family emigrated to new york. United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor. did not agree woth the knights and made the organization alongside skilled laborers.
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