chapter 7-sociology
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| Anomie | Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual
behavior has become ineffective.
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| Anomie theory of deviance | Robert Merton’s theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially
prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.
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| Conformity | Going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct
our behavior.
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| Control theory | A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of
society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms.
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| Crime | A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
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| Cultural transmission | A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through
social interactions.
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| Deviance | Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
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| Differential association | A theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to
attitudes favorable to criminal acts.
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| Differential justice | Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups.
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| Formal social control | Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
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| Hate crime | A criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation. Also referred to as bias crime.
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| Index crimes | The eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports:
murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
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| Informal social control | Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such
means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule.
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| Labeling theory | An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as
deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
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| law | Governmental social control
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| Obedience | Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
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| Organized crime | The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in
illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.
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| Professional criminal | A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled
techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
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| Sanction | A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
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| Social constructionist perspective | An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity.
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| Social control | The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
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| Social disorganization theory | The theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or
breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
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| Societal-reaction approach | Another name for labeling theory
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| Stigma | A label used to devalue members of certain social groups.
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| Transnational crime | Crime that occurs across multiple national borders.
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| Victimization survey | A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine
whether people have been victims of crime.
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| Victimless crime | A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely
desired but illegal goods and services.
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| White-collar crime | Illegal acts committed by affluent, “respectable” individuals in the course of
business activities.
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