APUSH: Chapter 10 (A Democratic Revolution (1800-1844)) Vocab
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| Franchise | the right to vote
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| Notables | Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated the political system of the early nineteenth century.
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| political machine | A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity
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| Spoils System | the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power - van buren had used it
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| Caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.
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| American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
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| internal improvements | federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system
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| Corrupt Bargain | Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.
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| consolidated government | a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration
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| Tariff of Abominations | Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
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| Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
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| states' rights | the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.
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| Second Bank of the United States | national bank overseen by the fed gov. Congress established the bank in 1816, w/ a 20 year charter. its purpose was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank went out of existence in 1811 during Jackson's presidency.
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| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.
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| Trail of Tears | Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. traveled from North Carolina, Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas-more than 800 miles. Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
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| classical liberalism/laissez faire | The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government.
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| Whigs | Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"
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| Panic of 1837 | Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands w/gold or silver. state banks collapsed and panic ensued. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
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| Specie Circular | An executive order in 1836 that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain.
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| ethnocultural politics | Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group.
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| Martin Van Buren | (1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.
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| John Quincy Adams | Secretary of State, served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
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| Henry Clay | senator from Kentucky, who ran for president. supported the American System, war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Reps, and is "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points.
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| Andrew Jackson | seventh President of the US (1829-1837), general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, increased presidential powers.
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| John C. Calhoun | In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis
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| Daniel Webster | Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
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| Nicholas Biddle | President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
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| Roger B. Taney | As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.
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| John Tyler | Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery
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