APUSH: Chapter 8 (Creating a Republican Culture (1790-1820)) Vocab
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| Neomercantilism | The belief that states should seek a trade surplus. This focus on the balance of trade makes trade a zero-sum game, as it was for traditional mercantilists.
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| Panic of 1819 | Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. had a 30% drop in world agricultural prices
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| Commonwealth System | The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
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| Sentimentalism | Originated in Europe-Romantic movement- spread into all classes of American society after 1800. importance of "feeling"- a physical, sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and other human beings. led more young women and men to choose their own partners.
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| companionate marriage | Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values that became increasingly dominant in the second half of the nineteenth century. "Marriages contracted from motives of affection, rather than of interest,"
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| demographic transition | The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
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| Republican Motherhood | The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children. women would also instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women
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| manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. Allowing owners to free their slaves
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| American Colonization Society | Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. helped by Henry Clay
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| Missouri Compromise | "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. established by Henry Clay
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| herrenvolk republic | A republic based on the principle of rule by a master race. To preserve their privileged social position, southern leaders restricted individual liberty and legal equality to whites.
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| established church | A church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, such established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes and were often the only legally permitted religious institutions.
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| Voluntarism | The funding of churches by their members. It allowed the laity to control the clergy, while also supporting the republican principle of self-government.
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| Unchurched | a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions
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| Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
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| John Jacob Astor | a merchant who became a millionaire and created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as mountain men. Astoria was named after him.
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| Benjamin Rush | Philedelphian, Patriot, and doctor; signer of the Declaration of Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution. created thoughts on female education, physician that argued for young women. and called for republican motherhood.
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| Henry Clay | society member of the American Colonization Society, speaker of the House of Representatives, a slave owner, and United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states
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| Richard Allen | Bishop and n African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church. Formed a separate black congregational, The Bethel Church in 1816.
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| Lyman Beecher | American Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader, leader of the Second Great Awakening. disapproved of the style of the Great Awakening ministers. served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education.
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| Emma Willard | Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. published Plan for Improving Education, became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.
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