honors gov unit 3
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| federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people
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| unitary government | A central government that holds supreme power in a nation. Most national governments today are unitary governments.
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| intergovernmental relations | The entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments—including regulations, transfers of funds, and the sharing of information—that constitute the work-ings of the federal system.
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| supremacy clause | The clause in Article VI of the Constitution that makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws as long as the national government is acting within its constitutional limits
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| Tenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment stating, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments.
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| enumerated powers | Powers of the federal government that are listed explicitly in the Constitution. For example, Article I, Section 8, specifically gives Congress the power to coin money and regulate its value and to impose taxes
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| implied powers | Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution, in accordance with the statement necessary and proper clause.
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| elastic clause | The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers
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| Gibbons v. Ogden | Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution and defined the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce as encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.
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| full faith and credit | A clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all other states
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| extradition | A legal process whereby a state surren-ders a person charged with a crime to the state in which the crime is alleged
to have been committed.
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| privileges and immunities | The provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of any state in which they happen to be
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| dual federalism | A system of government in which the states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres, each with different powers and policy responsibilities
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| cooperative federalism | A system of government in which states and the national government share powers and policy assignments
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| devolution | Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments
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| fiscal federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.
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| categorical grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or categories, of state and local spending.
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| project grants | Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications
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| formula grants | Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in leg-islation or in administrative regulations.
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| block grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social service
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