Muscular System Review Sheet
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tendons attach muscles to? | bones
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles do what? | contract or shorten
🗑
|
||||
| Circular layer | decreases diameter of tube or organ when contracted
🗑
|
||||
| Longitudinal layer | decreases length of tube or organ when contracted
🗑
|
||||
| Endomysium | surrounds each muscle fiber
🗑
|
||||
| Perimysium | surrounds each fascicle
🗑
|
||||
| Fascicle | a bundle of muscle fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Epimysium | surrounds each muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Tendons | epimysia blend into strong, cord-like tendons that attach muscle to bone
🗑
|
||||
| Origin | the muscle attachment to the immovable bone
🗑
|
||||
| Insertion | the muscle attachment to the movable bone (when the muscle contracts, the insertion moves towards the origin)
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | stores calcium ions needed for contracton
🗑
|
||||
| Myofibrils | long, ribbon-like fibers of a muscle cell
🗑
|
||||
| Myofilaments | threadlike proteins in the myofibril (actin & myosin)
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcomeres | the functional unit of muscle fibers; contractile unit
🗑
|
||||
| Myosin | thich myofilament
🗑
|
||||
| Actin | thin myofilament
🗑
|
||||
| Irritability | the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| Contractility | the ability to shorten
🗑
|
||||
| Producing Movement | locomotion, manipulation and facial expression are the primary functions of skeletal muscles
🗑
|
||||
| Maintaining Posture | holds body upright against gravity, stabilizes joints, maintains balance
🗑
|
||||
| Moving Substances | cardiac and smooth muscles are responsible for transporting substances like blood or food from one part of the body to another
🗑
|
||||
| Generating Heat | heat is a by-product of muscle activity, helps maintain body temperature
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles cross with how many joints? | At least one joint (with a few exceptions)
🗑
|
||||
| The bulk of the muscle is usually proximal to what? | the joint crossed
🗑
|
||||
| All muscles have at least what? | two attachments
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles can only pull but they can't? | push
🗑
|
||||
| During contraction, what does the muscle insertion do? | moves towards the origin
🗑
|
||||
| Define motor unit | One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the neuromuscular junction | * The synapse where the neuron and muscle cell meet
* The end of each motor neuron branches into axon terminals
*Each axon terminal forms a junction with the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
🗑
|
||||
| Discuss the role of acetylcholine | *it is the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction
* stored in vesicles in the axon terminal
*released into the synapse when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal
*diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with receptors on sacrolemma
🗑
|
||||
| An ? is an electrical current generated by the "upset" or change in charge across the muscle cell membrane or sarcolemma | action potential
🗑
|
||||
| The result of this electrical impulse traveling from one end of the cell to the other is ? of the muscle cell | contraction
🗑
|
||||
| A single nerve impulse produces only ? contraction because ACh is broken down by ? to prevent continued contraction of the muscle cell | 1 ; acetylcholinesterase
🗑
|
||||
| The ? pump helps the cell return back to its resting state | sodium-potassium
🗑
|
||||
| When muscle fibers are activated by the nervous system, the ? attach to binding sites on the thin filaments | myosin heads
🗑
|
||||
| Energy is provided by ? so that each crossbridge (myosin head link to actin) attaches and detaches several times during a ? pulling each thin filament toward the center of the ? | ATP ; contraction ; sacomere
🗑
|
||||
| This event occurs simultaneously in sarcomeres throughout the cell, causing the entire muscle cell to? | shorten
🗑
|
||||
| The attachment of myosin crossbridges to actin requires ? which is stored in and released by the? | calcium ions ; sarcoplasmic reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| When the action potential ends, calcium ions are immediately reabsorbed into the SR storage areas, and the muscle cell ? and return to its original ? | relaxes ; length
🗑
|
||||
| Defined fused tetanus | Successive contractions are added together to produce a smooth, sustained contraction
🗑
|
||||
| What does the "all-or-none" law state? | When stimulated adequately, the muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent; it never partially contracts
🗑
|
||||
| List the two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced | 1. By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation
2. By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated
🗑
|
||||
| What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts? | * The number of muscle cells that are stimulated
* Fewer cells are stimulated when you are move a pen compared to when you swing a baseball bat
🗑
|
||||
| Describe muscle fatigue and its cause | * Occurs when the muscle becomes unable to contract
* Caused by oxygen debt
🗑
|
||||
| Compare and contrast isotonic and isometric contractions | * Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle shortens and movement occurs
* Isometric contractions occur when the muscles do not shorten; no movement occurs
🗑
|
||||
| How does regular exercise affect muscles? | Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the results of aerobic exercise on muscles | Muscles become stronger, more flexible, and develop greater resistance to fatigue
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the results of resistance or isometric exercise on muscles | Muscles increase in size and strength; new filaments are made
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
DanariaW