content questions
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| show | The application of science to those criminal and civil law that are enforced
by police agencies in a criminal justice system
OR
the application of sciences to the law
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| show | demonstrated how scientific method in criminal investigation could be incorporated in a crime lab
open police lab in 1910 in Lyon and institute of criminalistics
"father of ridgeology"
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| located exchange principle | show 🗑
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| tuthil introduces | show 🗑
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| What is forensic DNA | show 🗑
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| show | in 1986 by Dr. Alec Jefferys
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| show | recognized as the golden standard in terms of human identification, based on accepted principles of molecular biology and population genetics, Crime scene DNA profile unambiguous identification to reference sample
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| DNA | show 🗑
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| show | Short Tandem Repeats
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| show | Location of DNA - a single area of interest
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| show | DNA on the 8th chromosome that is a single copy at the 1179th marker
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| show | thyroid peroxidase gene
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| TH01 | show 🗑
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| show | for individualization because different people have different numbers of repeats
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| show | DNA on the eighth chromosome at the 1179th marker with homozygous 9 repeats
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| show | 15 to 21 loci
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| the process of forensic DNA | show 🗑
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| PCR process | show 🗑
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| likelihood ratio | show 🗑
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| show | application of science to law
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| located exchange principle | show 🗑
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| show | DNA
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| ACEV | show 🗑
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| show | a feature of an item that is unique to a group of items. evidence that belongs to a class and is not considered unique
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| individual characteristic | show 🗑
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| what is luminal used for | show 🗑
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| how many types of DNA | show 🗑
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| the goal of DNA analysis | show 🗑
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| show | 3 billion bp two meters of DNA
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| mitochondrial DNA | show 🗑
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| show | bigger challenge - cells must be removed from hard tissue - bone marrow (osteoblasts blood producing cells) and teeth (pulp odontoblasts, nerve cells, macrophages)
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| prepare samples for grinding: teeth | show 🗑
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| prepare samples for grinding: bones | show 🗑
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| show | founded in 199 - recognized forensic dna experts accredited leading edge technology over 1000 cases completed
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| how many chromosomes are in the human genome | show 🗑
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| show | 3.2 billion
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| y-strs | show 🗑
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| DNA from a crime scene matches someone | show 🗑
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| three laws of probability - third law | show 🗑
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| familial dna testing | show 🗑
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| show | in 1992 in Cardozo school of law
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| innocence project project focused on | show 🗑
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| exoneration definition | show 🗑
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| problems with wrongful application of forensic science | show 🗑
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| show | biological explanations for individual-specific findings, 13 STR loci used to compare DNA samples selected, probabilities of false positives have been explored and quantified, the laboratory procedures are well specified and subject to validation standard
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| false or misleading analysis practices | show 🗑
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| coroners service mission | show 🗑
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| what is a coroner | show 🗑
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| show | who where when how by what means -> classification -> recommendations
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| a coroners investigation is | show 🗑
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| show | police - collect evidence to solve crime or determine criminalist - take primary role in homicide investigations
coroner - establish cause and manner of death - take primary role in non criminal deaths
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| show | pathologist need to be registered with royal college of physician and surgeons of canada to practice -
BCCS agreed to have pathologist conduct autopsies when requested by a coroner
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| show | body - at the scene and autopsy scene- information for pathologists family criminal circumstances collect evidence history- medical lifestyle drug
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| show | law enforcement, hospitals, physicians/med staff, care facilities, families, concerned citizens
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| show | coroners conduct independent scene investigations - examine the scene is it consistent with information provided - coroners are trained to identify natural and not natural changes to the body - coroners experience at the scene is critical
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| show | disease, medical records, gp dvisits, hospital visits, medication, weightless, symptoms
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| show | eating - chocking sleeping -sleep apnea alcohol exercise exposure
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| show | thorough head to toe exam and document findings - interpretation of port mortem changes and trauma - assist police with decisions about criminal activity
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| autopsy ordered? | show 🗑
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| show | the pooling of blood to the dependent areas of the body after death (reddish purple) - can be fixed or blanching, usually apparent 2 hours after death can become fixed within 8 hours - blood will not pool into an area where the skin is compressed on surfa
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| rigor mortis | show 🗑
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| show | the breakdown of fats in the body - occurs in bodies exposed to water or in moist conditions (plastic bags)
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| petechiae | show 🗑
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| show | early moderate advanced
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| identification of body | show 🗑
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| show | autopsy by a pathologist - sufficient evidence to determine cause without autopsy - family physician determines cause
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| time of death -post mortem interval | show 🗑
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| by what means - mechanism of death | show 🗑
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| classifications of death | show 🗑
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| show | coronary artery disease
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| show | myocardial infarction
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| CVA | show 🗑
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| DVT | show 🗑
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| PE | show 🗑
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| CHF | show 🗑
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| show | systemic infection
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| DIC | show 🗑
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| MSOF | show 🗑
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| show | acute/chronic renal failure
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| show | hypertension
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| show | extensive decomposition skeletal remains negative findings suicide vs accident
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| show | china 10th century Europe 1850s Britain 1930 North America 1970
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| North American forensic entomology | show 🗑
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| show | need to know when - make or break alibi - exonerate the innocent - aids in identification of the body - points investigation into correct time frame
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| show | dipteran larval development - hours days week
successional colonization of insects - months to years
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| larvae development | show 🗑
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| estimation of time since death | show 🗑
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| show | rapidly changing ecosystem, body goes through rapid biological, chemical and physical changes - attractive to predictable sequence of insects - varies with habitat season geographic area etc.
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| body moved how can you tell by insects | show 🗑
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| maggot therapy | show 🗑
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| infestation inside body | show 🗑
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| poaching | show 🗑
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| show | may be because body was concealed then murderer came back and opened it to bug access
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| show | adult blow flies terneral blow flies empty pup aria living pupae wandering third install feeding third instars- all insects dead but all identifiable - after entire house burned maggots pupae and pup aria intact
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| ridgeology | show 🗑
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| show | need to understand how friction skin persists responds to injury mechanics of touch
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| three layers of skin | show 🗑
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| what do layers of skin do | show 🗑
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| show | layered tissue that must constantly replace cells lost at the surface mainly through exfoliation - continually regenerating cells - comprised of keratinocyte cells -and melanocytes langerhans cells and Merkel cells
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| two types of skin | show 🗑
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| smooth skin | show 🗑
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| show | (volar skin) - inner surface of fingers palms and bottoms of feet - may appear lighter - no sebaceous glands - sweat glands only - completely covered in friction ridges
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| show | network of cells fibres blood vessel gelatinous material - feeds and support the epidermis and protects the internal body - fibrils secure the dermis to the epidermis via the basement membrane zone - on the surface of the dermis are blunt dermal papillae
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| show | layer of fatty tissue below dermis - serves as energy reserve, provides cushion, contours the body, allows for movement of skin over underlying structures - connected to dermis through interlocking fibres
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| show | delta - triangle 0 area on the friction ridges where three ridge systems meet
the point on the friction ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two types lines and located at or directly in front of the divergence
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| show | outer focal point located below and to the side of the pattern - triangular - ridges from the delta tend to surround the centre of the pattern
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| core | show 🗑
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| patterns | show 🗑
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| show | a fingerprint pattern in which the friction ridges enter on one side of the impression and flow, or tend to flow, out the other side with a rise or wave in the centre
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| arch tented | show 🗑
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| show | a type of pattern one or more friction ridges enter upon either side recurve touch or pass an imaginary line in between delta and core and flow out on the same side the friction ridges entered
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| whorl plain | show 🗑
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| show | a type of fingerprint pattern that consists of two separate loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas
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| show | friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form before birth - friction ridges are persistent throughout life expert for permanent scaring
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| show | the specific friction patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated - overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification
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| the philosophy of fingerprinting | show 🗑
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| what is a fingerprint | show 🗑
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| show | latent finger print - not easily seen by the naked eye and requires development to be visualized
visible - impression that is plainly visible due to transfer of visible material
moulded- a fingerprint impression that retains a 3D shape in a surface
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| show | determine if the impression is suitable for comparison
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| factors to consider in fingerprint analysis | show 🗑
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| show | how the object is handled and the way the print was deposited - may assist in digit determination
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| fingerprint substrate | show 🗑
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| show | what material or medium was deposited on the substrate by the finger - often sweat oils or contaminance
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| fingerprint development technique | show 🗑
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| fingerprint powders | show 🗑
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| show | the downward pressure exerted by the finger on contact with the substrate - fingers are curved and flexible and when they make contact pressures may vary throughout the impression that is left behind
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| show | the movement of the finger and the flexibility of the ridges while - coming into contact- during contact and leaving the surface
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| fingerprint clarity | show 🗑
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| level 1 detail fingerprint | show 🗑
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| show | the specific ridge paths major ridge path deviations - can identify and exclude
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| show | the ridge structures and their relative arrangements - cannot exclusively identify or exclude
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| show | taking into account all the analysis factors - the amount of variation in appearance of friction ridge features to be allowed during a comparison
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| show | high medium and low based on the quality and quantity of detail in a particular area
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| show | accomplished through side by side observation of all available levels of detail
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| show | a quantitative and qualitative evaluation to determine if there is agreement of friction ridge characteristics - having sufficient uniqueness to identify
conclusion - the outcome of the evaluation - identification exclusion or inconclusive
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| show | the interpretation of the evidence by a certified forensic identification employee following an opinion
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| forensic science | show 🗑
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| show | not scientists - police officers who are technicians that employ various techniques based in science to gather evidence for crime scenes
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| what evidence do ident collect | show 🗑
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| what are ident duties | show 🗑
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| show | break and enter (most common) auto crime - theft from vehicles stolen vehicles and crime vehicles -
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| show | how does it affect analysis of the scene - glass break tempered vs normal physical vs implement: fingerprint and blood
forced entry - physical vs implement: fingerprint footwear
cars - fingerprint
open doors - sliding climbers
open areas
bodies
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| show | bank store street
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| show | relates to someones habits and often used to assist in determning if there is a link between crimes and crime scenes - could be related to type of crime committed actions during crime who they target time of day point of entry/exit
method
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| assaults | show 🗑
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| drug and gang investigations | show 🗑
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| show | kidnappings and abductions - extortion -arson - sex assaults and child abuse - homicides - also anything the police is called to possibly
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| crime scene examination ident | show 🗑
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| show | photograph the scene as found - photograph the evidence identified - document exhibit - collect exhibit maintain continuity
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| show | DNA - fingerprints - footwear p physical match - primary function
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| show | general powders magnetic powders fluorescent powders
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| show | small striation on the bullets from the rifling of the barrel pin marks on the cartridge and from the ejection striations made from tool on various surfaces can be listed to compare against too - microscopes and specialized training
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| show | paint fibre glass
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| show | entry of expert opinion (regina vs Mohan) - responsible for educating the court - trained to give expert evidence in fingerprint footwear and physical match - blood pattern analysts
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| show | passive - drops - transfer -touch surface - velocity/spatter - velocity decreases the size of the satin larger drops fly farther tail points give direction info - shape of blood and use of measurements show location from blood source
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| the foal of identification | show 🗑
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| process of identification | show 🗑
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| what happens in court regarding expert and evidence | show 🗑
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| criminalist | show 🗑
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| criminalistics | show 🗑
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| criminology | show 🗑
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| forensic science | show 🗑
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| show | a method of acquiring knowledge - extension of common sense
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| forensic science | show 🗑
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| show | criminal is individualized from his finger prints
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| show | sub - refers to personal perspectives feeling opinions
ob - refers to the elimination of subjective perspectives and a process that is purely based on facts
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| show | the quality of being the only one of a kind - all objects in the universe are unique - expect macro and micro scopic differences
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| analysis | show 🗑
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| show | begins only after the expert has recorded in an unbiased manner the properties of the questioned sample
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| show | similarities or differences evaluated the weight or significance of each determined could these have occurred by chance? -> then final opinion
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| show | positive (certainty - highly probable - probable - possible - no basis for comparison
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Created by:
Lucie3t