Physics for Radiology
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| Isotopes | Atoms that have the same number of protons (atomic number- bottom) but different atomic mass numbers. ^130 BA /56 or ^132BA/56
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| Isobar | Atomic Nuclei that have the same atomic mass number(top), but different number of protons (bottom - Atomic number)
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| Isotones | Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different number of protons - different atomic numbers
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| Isomer | The SAME atomic number and the SAME atomic mass number; difference in the nucleon arrangement and resultant in DIFFERENT ENERGY STATES.
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| Nuclear arrangements | Isotopes - AN - Same, Different AMN- Different NN;
Isobar - AN Different - Same AMN - Different NN
Isotones- AN Different - Different AMN - Same NN
Isomer - AN Same- Same ANM - Same NN (different arrangement)
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| Periodic Table = Groups/Columns | 8, number of electrons in outer shells
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| Periodic Table -= Periods/rows | 7 K- Q Number of electron shells in the elements atom - K is closest to inside
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| Miniature solar system concept? | Bohr Atom 1913
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| Max Electrons per Shell (Maximum Occupancy) | 2n^2 where the shell is K-Q (1-7)
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| Max number electrons in outer shell | 8
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| Center seeking force | Centripetal force
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| Flying out from center force | Centrifugal force
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| Number of Protons denoted by - | Z - Bottom left. Also number of electrons in a neutral atom
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| Atomic Mass number AMU | A - Top left. Approximate atomic mass as a whole number in AMUs
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| # - Bottom right | Subscript # is the number of atoms per molecule
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| Atom | Smallest particle that has all the properties of an element
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| Molecules | Structures formed by the combination of various elements EX H/2/O
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| Chemical Compound | Any quantity of one type of molecule. - Compound is a whole new substance, not just a mix of it's elements.
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| Smallest Particle of an element | Atom
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| Smallest particle of a compound | A molecule
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| Two Atoms sharing some of the same electrons | Covalent Bonding - Sharing
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| Changing the eclectic charge of the atom | Ionization - Adding or removing an electron.
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| Ionic Bonding - Transferring of electrons | When two ions of opposite charge are attracted to eachother. EX NaCL, CL has space for one or more electron in outer shell. NA gives up one. Both Become ionized and electrostaticlly attracted to each other
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| Radioactivity | The emission of particles and energy is able to become stable.
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| Radioactive decay - Def | The transformation process of an atom to become another atom through the emission of particles and energy
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| Radioactive decay results | Emission of alpha and/or beta particles. Usually gamma rays are emitted simultaneously - Bata more common
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| Radionuclides | are nuclei that undergo radioactive decay
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| Alpha Particle | Is a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons.
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| Beta Particle | An electron emitted from the nucleus of the radioactve atom. The only difference in an electron and a beta particle is their source
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| Gamma Rays | Streams of photons of electromagnetic ionizing radiation with no mass or charge. Identical to X-rays except for their source
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| Radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of elements that exhibit radioactivity
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| Alpha Emission facts 1 | Nucleus must be extremely unstable; Emission of two protons (+2) and two neutrons bound together - essentially a helium atom with no electrons. Large Particle with great electrostatic force
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| Alpha Emission facts 2 | Resulting atom transforms to another element (loses two protons) and becomes negatively charged. Highly ionizing - travels about 5cm in air (2 inches) 100 micrometers in skin/soft tissue Nearly harmless from external source.
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| Beta Emission | Electron (-1) I.e. beta particle. ejected from nucleus and a neutron converts to a proton. Atom number increases by 1 (new element) but atomic mass stays the same. Very Ionizing - Travels 10-100 cm in air, 1-2 cm in skin and soft tissue.
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| Gamma Rays (X-Ray) | Usually emitted simultaneously with particle emission (AorB), Unlimited range in matter. Low ionizing. Up to 100 meters up to 30 cm in soft tissue
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| Radioactive half life | Amount of radioactive material is measured in CURIES. 1CI= 3.7x10^10 adoms disintegrating/S
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| SI unit for Radioactive material (half life ) | BECQUEREL = Bq = 1 disintegration /S
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| Radioactive Decay Law | Rate of radioactive decay is given by radioisotope's half life. Activity remaining (material ) = (05)^n X original activity
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| Half life is what... | The time required for a quantity of radioactivty to be reduced to one-half its original value, In theory it never stops or disappears or reaches zero. Used extensively in radiology
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| Elemental Mass number | Big number on bottom under type of element
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| Isomers Higher energy states V Lower Energy States- Elevator example | Closer = less stable Isomer (excited) ; Farther apart = More Stable (Stable)
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| Mass # | number of particles in the nucleus. Electrons have a zero mass number. .
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| SI unit for Mass | KG
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| AMU | Atomic Mass Unit - EX 0.000549
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| Electron Volt | Energy for small particle 1eV = e(J/C)
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| Kelo Electron Volt | KeV
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| How to calculate number of NUCLEONS | Neutrons + Protons
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| Defines an element | Number of protons
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| To find number of Nutrons in an element | A-Z = Neutron
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| Photon | A quantum electromagnetic energy and is the smallest quantity
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