urinary system
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| How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? | By regulating water output
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| What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? | Urea
Creatinine
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| What does the respiratory system excrete? | Carbon dioxide
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| The kidneys lie against the ______. | posterior abdominal wall
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| The kidneys are each about the size of which of the following? | a bar of soap
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| How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? | By regulating water and sodium output
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| The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ______ is the outer layer surrounding it. | medulla, cortex
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| How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? | As byproducts of protein catabolism
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| What is the renal medulla comprised of? | renal pyramids
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| The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called | excretion
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| What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
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| True or false: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it. True false question. | false
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| The ______ carries blood out of a glomerulus. | efferent arteriole
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| The renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at what indentation? | hilum
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| The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular ______. | capsule
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| What is a nephron? | A functional unit of the kidney
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| Which are parts of a renal tubule? | Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
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| Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called ______. | renal columns
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| The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? | Microvilli
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| The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? | Glomerular capsule
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| Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? | thick
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| About how many nephrons are in a kidney? | 1.2 million
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| The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? | distal convoluted tuble
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| What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
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| Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. | cortical
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| Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? | Renal tubule
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| The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of which nervous system? | Sympathetic
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| The segment of renal tubule indicated in the figure is the convoluted tubule. | proximal
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| True or false: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. | true
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| Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? | Thin
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| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular | filtration
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| The distal convoluted tubule is ______ and ______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule. | shorter, less
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| The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? | Colloid osmotic
Blood hydrostatic
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| Most nephrons are ______ nephrons. | cortical
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| What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? | Net filtration pressure
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| The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal . | plexus
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| Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | The surface area available for filtration
Permeability of the filtration membrane
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| What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate
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| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. | high
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| In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______. | glomerular filtrate
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| Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood. | hydrostatic
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| A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | decreased, increased
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| When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | out of
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| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______. | autoregulation
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| What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? | Glomerular filtration rate
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| The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? | Afferent arteriole
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| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. | low
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| The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the apparatus. | justaglimerular
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| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular . | filtration
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| What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? | Mesangial cells
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
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| An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | increased, decreased
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| Choice, Dilate/constrict arterioles; release reninDilate/constrict arterioles; release renin | Juxtaglomerular cells
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| Dilate/constrict glomerular capillariesDilate/constrict glomerular capillaries | Mesangial cells
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| Choice, Monitor tubular fluidMonitor tubular fluid | Macula densa
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| What is the result of renal autoregulation? | The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
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| Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. | myogenic
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| The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause ______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. | vasoconstriction
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| The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called feedback. | tubuloglomerular
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| What does the enzyme renin do? | It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
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| Choice, Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillariesCells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries | Mesangial cells
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| Choice, Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arterioleSmooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole | Juxtaglomerular cells
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| Choice, Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loopEpithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop | Macula densa cells
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| Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. | decrease
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| Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? | Granular cells
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| What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Decreased blood pressure
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| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal _ | autoregulation
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| The capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. | peritubular
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| What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? | Tight junctions
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| Which defines the transport maximum? | It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.
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| Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) ______. | symport
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| Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? | Tubular secretion
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| The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. | renin
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| The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? | Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
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| The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? | Obligatory water reabsorption
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| Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? | Potassium ions
Sodium ions
Chloride
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| Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? | Peritubular capillaries
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| What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | The reabsorption of water and salts
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| When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? | Transport maximum
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| The hormone causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the later segments of the renal tubule. | aldosterone
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| What is tubular secretion? | The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
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| Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? | Ammonia
Bile acids
Urea
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| Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the duct. | collecting
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| The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? | The concentration of urine
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