GCSE Combined Science Physics
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| What does the particle theory/kinetic theory explain? | Properties of solids, liquids and gases
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| What are the three particles in the atom? | Proton, neutron and electron
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| Which has negative charge ? | Electron
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| Describe the pum pudding model | Pudding made of positively charged material with negatively charged electrons
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| What did Rutherford fire at gold foil? | Alpha particals
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| What were the observationsfrom this experiment ? | Most alpha travelled straight through,Some were slightly deflected,A few rebounded
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| What did he discover about the structure of the atom from these observations | Most of the atom is empty space,There is a tiny positive nucleus at the centre,The nucleus is very dense.
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| What is the radius of the nucleus? | 1 x 10-15 m
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| What is the radius of the atom? | 1 x 10-10 m
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| Where is the mass of an atom concentrated? | The nucleus
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| What is the nucleus made of ? | Nucleons
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| What types of particle can nucleons be? | Protons and neutons
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| What is the relative mass of a proton and a neutron? | 1
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| What is the relative mass of an electron? | 1/1835
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| What is the proton number or atomic number? | The number of protons in the nucleus
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| What is the mass number of nucleon number? | Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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| What are isotopes of an element? | Isotope of an element will have the same atomic number but different mass numbers as they contain different numbers of neutrons.
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| Name the 3 isotopes of carbo? | Carbon 12, carbon 13 and carbon 14.
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| 17 O 8 How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it contain | 8 protons, 9 neutrons, 8 electrons
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| What is background radiation ? | Exposure to low level radiation from space and natural radioactive substances in the environment.
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| What is the main source of background radiation in the UK? | Radon gas produced by rocks that contain small amounts of uranium.
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| Why is radon dangerous? | It can diffuse into the air from rocks and soil and build up on poorly ventilated houses.
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| What hospital treatments can contribute to a person’s back ground radiation exposure? | X rays, Gamma ray scans, cancer treatment
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| What are cosmic rays ? | High energy charged particles streaming out from the sun.
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| What reduces cosmic rays? | Many are stopped by the upper atmosphere.
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| How can amount of radiation a person is exposed to be measured with a dosimeter? | The dose can be measured using photographic film which gets darker and darker with more exposure.
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| How does a Geiger Muller tube work? | Radiation passing through the tube ionises the gas inside it and produces a short pulse of current.
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| What is the count rate of a GM tube connected to a counter? | The number of clicks per second or minute
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| How do scientists take account of background radiation when measuring the radioactivity of a source? | measure the radioactivity of the background before measuring the source and then subtracting the backgrounds radiation from the sources radiation.
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| When an unstable nuclei decays and the nuclei becomes a new element, what changes? | The atomic or proton number
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| What happens to the atomic mass and atomic number during alpha decay? | The atomic mass decreases by 4 and the atomic number by 2
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| What happens to the atomic mass and the atomic number during beta(-) decay? | The atomic mass does not change and the atomic number increases by one
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| What happens to the atomic mass and the atomic number during beta(+) decay? | The atomic mass does not change and the atomic number decreases by one
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| Why do nuclei emit a gamma ray? | This is when the subatomic particles in the nucleus rearrange and the nucleus loses energy. This makes them more stable
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| What must be balanced in a nuclear equation? | The total mass number must be the same on each side and the total charges must be the same ( sum of the atomic numbers)
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| What is the new atomic mass if polonium -208 (208 84 Po) undergoes an alpha decay? | 204
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| What is the new atomic number if Technetium (9943Tc) undergoes a beta (-) decay? | 44
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| What happens in the nucleus during beta (-) decay? | A neutron changes into proton and ejects and electron from the atom
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| What happens to an unstable nuclei after it has decayed? | More stable
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| Define the activity of a source. | Number of nuclear decays per second
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| What units is activity measured in ? | Bequerels
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| Define half life | Time taken for half the unstable atoms to decay.
Time taken for the original activity to halve
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| If an unstable isotope has a long half life does it take a long or short time to decay fully? | Long
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| Caesium – 137 has a half life of 30 years. If the original activity was 100Bq, what will the activity after 60years? | 100/2= 50, 50/2 =25Bq
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| Caesium – 137 has a half life of 30 years. If there were 100g originally what will be the mass of caesium atoms after 60years? | 60/30= 2 half lives so ¼ of original = 25g
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| Radon has a half life of 4 days, what fraction of radon will be left after 12 days? | 12/4= 3 half lives = 1/8 (1/2 x1/2x1/2) will be left
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| A sample containing Carbon 14 has an activity of 2Bq. How long ago did if have an activity of 8Bq? | Half life of carbon =6000 years (1)Number of half lives =3, so 18000 years
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| When DNA is damaged through exposure to ionising radiation, what does this process produce? | A gene mutations
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| What is DNA | It contains the structures that control the cell
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| Which cells in the body if damaged could cause mutations in the next generation? | " Sperm/egg/ gamete
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| Give three ways of reducing the intensity of ionising radiation you receive from handling a radioactive source | Use long tongs/ Stand a long distance, Don’t point source towards anyone, Shield with thick lead
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| How do medical staff lower their risk to exposure when working with radioactive sources? Give 2 methods | Reducing the time of exposure, Increasing their distance to the source, Shielding the source
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| Why are radioactive sources used to diagnose or treat medical conditions? | They are only used when the benefits outweigh the risks
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| What does the word irradiated mean? | Exposure to ionising radiation
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| What does the word contaminated mean for example a person becomes contaminated after a nuclear accident | Person gets particles of radiative material on skin/ inside body
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| What precautions should people take when cleaning up after a nuclear accident? Give 2 examples | Wear protective overalls., Wear masks, Limit the time of cleaning up for each person
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| What conditions are needed for fusion? | High temperature, High pressure and High density
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| Define atom | The smallest part of an element that can exist.
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| All substances are made up of…? | atoms
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| The radius of an atom is …? | 0.1 nm (1 x 1010 m)
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| The overall charge on an atom is… | zero/neutral
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| Define element | Contains only one type of atom
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| Substances found in the periodic table are…? | elements
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| Approximately how many elements are there? | 100
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| Define isotope | An atom of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
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| Define radioactive decay | An unstable nucleus changes to become more stabe and gives out radiation
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| We cannot predict when a given atom will decay, this means that radioactive deacy is ….? | random
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| Define activity | Rate at which decay occurs
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| What are the units of activity? | Becquerels (Bq)
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| Define count rate | Number of decays recorded each second by a Geiger-Muller tube
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| Defne half life | The time taken for number of radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve OR time taken for count rate (or activity) from a sample to fall to half its initial value
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| Define contamination | The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms
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| Define irradiation | When an object is exposed to radiation
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| Does an irradiatied object become radioactive itself? | no
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| The process of radiation removing electrons from atoms to form ions is called…? | ionisation
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| If ionisation happens in DNA it can cause ________ which may result in ______ | mutations, cancer
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| Define mass number | The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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| Define atomic number | The number of protons in an atom (number of electrons is the same in a neutral atom)
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| Electrons in atoms are located in ___________ | energy levels
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| Absorption of radiation by an atom may result in ____________ moving to a ________________ energy level | electrons, higher
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| Emission of radiation from an atom may lead to _____________ moving to a ______________ energy level | electrons, lower
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| Who came up with the Plumb Pudding model of the atom | J J Thompson
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| Describe the Plumb Pudding model of the atom | A ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it
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| Was the Plumb Pudding model correct? | no
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| What experiment did Rutherford do? | Alpha particle scattering
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| What did Rutherford's experiment reveal? | Atoms have a central area of positive charge with electrons surrounding it
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| Who discovered that electrons are located in energy levels? | Niels Bohr
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| What did Jame Chadwick discover about the atom? | That the nucleus contains neutrons as well as protons
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| What did John Dalton contribute to our understanding of atomic theory? | Matter is made up of descrete, spherical particles, known as atoms
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| Name the three subatomic particles | proton, neutron, electron
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| Which particles are located in the atoms nucleus | protons, neutrons
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| What is the charge of each subatomic particle? | proton +1, neutron 0, electron -1
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| What is the mass of each subatomic particle? | proton 1, neutron 1, elecrton ≈ 0
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| Name the three types of radiation | alpha, beta and gamma
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| What is an alpha particle? | two protons and two neutrons
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| What is a beta particle? | an electron
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| What is gamma radiation? | electromagnetic wave (NOT a particle)
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| What is the range of alpha radiation in air? | short - 5 cm in air
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| What is the range of gamma radiation in air? | unlimited in air
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| What's the range of beta radiation in air? | medium - about 1 m
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| What will absorb (stop) alpha radiation? | paper/skin
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| What will absorb (stop) beta radiation? | about 5 mm aluminium
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| What will absorb (stop) gamma radiation? | several centimetres of lead
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| What is the ionising power of alpha radiation? | very high
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| What is the ionising power of beta radiation? | medium
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| What is the ionising power of gamma radiation? | low
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| What is meant by the ionising power of radiation? | how likely it is to ionise atoms which it comes into contact with
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| How does alpha decay alter the mass number of the parent nucleus? | decreases by 4
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| How does alpha decay alter the atomic number of the parent nucleus? | decreases by 2
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| How does beta decay alter the mass number of the parent nucleus? | stays the same
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| How does beta decay alter the atomic number of the parent nucleus? | increases by 1
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| How does gamma radiation alter the mass and atomic number of the parent nucleus | unchanged (energy is released as the particles in the nucleus reorganise to a lower energy arrangement)
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Davenant Foundation School
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