Pearson GCSE Combined and Separate Chemistry Higher
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| What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
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| Describe the nature of crude oil. | A thick brown liquid made of a mixture of many different hydrocarbons found in deposits underground
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| Describe the properties of the substances in crude oil. | Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are liquids, but each of them has a different boiling point
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| State the two most important uses of crude oil. | Fuel, feedstock (supply of basic chemicals) for the chemical industry
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| Crude oil is a finite resource. What does that mean? | There is a limited amount: at some point it will run out
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| What is fractional distillation? | A type of distillation used to separate mixtures of two or more liquids. It separates compounds according to their boiling point
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| Describe the 3 steps of fractional distillation. | "• Crude oil is passed through a heater to heat it to about 400OC so that nearly everything is a gas.• The hot gases rise up the fractionating column until cool enough to condense.• The separated liquids and gases collected at different temperatures
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| List the main fractions in order from those made up of the smallest molecules to the largest molecules. | Gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, and bitumen
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| What is the viscosity of a liquid? | How easily a fluid flows –lower viscosity = runnier
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| How do the boiling point, viscosity and ease of ignition of the fractions of crude oil change as the molecules get larger? | Lowest to highest boiling point
Lowest to highest viscosity
Easiest to hardest ignition
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| What are the uses of Fuel Gases, Petrol, and Kerosene | Used for heating and cooking. Used as a fuel for cars. Fuel for aircraft
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| What are the uses of Diesel oil Fuel Oil Bitumen | Fuel for lorries and trains, Fuel for ships and power stations, Surfacing roads and roofs
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| What is a homologous series? | A group of closely related compounds with molecular formulae that differ only in the number of ‘CH2’s
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| What is an alkane? | A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
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| Name the first four alkanes and write their formula | Methane CH4, Ethane C2H6, Propane C3H8, Butane – C4H10
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| How do boiling point, viscosity and flammability of alkanes change as their molecules get longer? | The longer the alkane the higher the boiling point, The longer the alkane the more viscous it is, The longer the alkane the less flammable it is
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| What is complete combustion? | Combustion that produces only water and carbon dioxide
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| What is incomplete combustion? | Combustion that produces carbon monoxide or carbon as well as carbon dioxide and water
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| Why does incomplete combustion occur? | When there is not enough oxygen for all of the reactants to be fully oxidised
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| How does carbon monoxide kill? | It sticks to haemoglobin in the blood which prevents it from carrying oxygen
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| What are the main problems caused by soot? | Causes lung problems when breathed in. Blackens and dirties buildings
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| What is acid rain? | Rain with a pH lower than 5.2
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| Name three effects of acid rain. | Soil becomes too acidic for crops and plants to grow well
• Acid in rivers and lakes prevents fish eggs from hatching and kills some insects.
• Acid rain increases corrosion of limestone which damages buildings and statues
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| What are the products of cracking? | An alkane and a alkene
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| Why is cracking useful? | There is more demand for shorter hydrocarbons – such as petrol and gas – than longer ones such as bitumen
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| What is an alkene? | A hydrocarbon containing a C=C double bond.
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| What is crude oil? | A mixture of hydrocarbons
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| What is crude oil formed from? | The remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that was buried in mud
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| What is a finite resource? Why is crude oil a finite resource? | One that will run out. Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up
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| What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound made of atoms of carbon and hydrogen only
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| What is an alkane? | A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
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| Name the first four alkanes | Methane, ethane, propane, butane
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| What is the general formula for alkanes? | CnH2n+2 (the n and 2n are small)
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| How does boiling point change with the length of an alkane? | The longer the alkane, the higher its boiling point
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| How does viscosity change with the length of an alkane? | The longer the alkane, the more viscous (the thicker) it is
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| How does flammability change with the length of an alkane? | The longer the alkane, the less flammable it is
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| What is fractional distillation? | A process used to separate mixtures of substances with different boiling points
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| What are the steps involved in fractional distillation? | Crude oil is vaporised, different molecules rise up the fractionating column and cool down. Condense at different points on the column.
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| Why is fractional distillation important? | Because the different fractions have different uses
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| What is a fuel? | A substance which when reacted with oxygen releases energy
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| Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil | Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases
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| What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation? | Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents
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| What is combustion? | The reaction of a fuel with oxygen
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| What are the products of complete combustion? | Carbon dioxide and water
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| When does incomplete combustion occur? | When there is not enough oxygen present
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| What is formed in incomplete combustion | Carbon monoxide
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| Why is carbon monoxide dangerous | It is toxic, taken up by red blood cells in preference to oxygen
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| What is cracking? | The process of breaking down a long hydrocarbon into smaller hydrocarbons
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| What are the products of cracking? | Short alkanes and alkenes
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| Why is cracking important? | Because smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than longer ones
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| What are alkenes | A hydrocarbon with a double bond
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| What are alkenes used for? | As a starting material to make more useful chemicals
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| What is the general formula for alkenes? | CnH2n
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| What are the first four alkenes? | Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
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| What do members of a homologous series have in common? | Same general formula, differ by CH2 for neighbouring compounds in the series, boiling points increase with chain length, have similar chemical properties and reactions
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| How is sulphur dioxide produced? | Sulphur impurities in fuels form it when the fuel is burnt
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| What happens when the sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water? | Acid rain is formed
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| How are oxides of nitrogen formed? | When the nitrogen and oxygen in the air react together at the high temperatures created in combustion engines
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| State three advantages of hydrogen fuel cells over petrol | Do not need to be recharged, no pollutants are produced only H2O, water is a renewable resource
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| State three disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells over petrol | Hydrogen is highly flammable, hydrogen is sometimes produced through non-renewable means, hydrogen is difficult to store and transport
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| What does finite mean? | It wil run out
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| How does ease of ignition change with the length of an alkane? | The longer the alkane, the harder it is to ignite
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| How are members of a homologous series different from each other? | Their chain length differs by a number of CH2
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| Where do petrol, kerosene and diesel oil come from? | They are obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil
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| Where does methane come from? | It is found in natural gas
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| Are petrol, kerosene, diesel and methane renewable or non renewable? | non-renewable
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