BIO 309 Chapter 14 -cell-cell interactions
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| direct interactions between cells are critical to | the development and function of multicellular organisms
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| some cell-ell interactions are transient, such as the interactions between ______ and the interactions that direct ______ to _____ | cells of the immune system, white blood cells, sites of tissue inflammation
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| stable cell-cell interactions play a role in | organization of tissues
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| specialized types of junctions provide a mechanism for | rapid communication between cells
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| cell-cell adhesion is a selective process such that | cells adhere only to other cells of specific types
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| selective cell-cell adhesion is mediated by | cell adhesion molecules
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| cell adhesion molecules are | transmembrane proteins
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| fxn of cell adhesion molecules | mediate selective cell-cell adhesion
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| cell adhesion molecules can be _____ | divided into 4 groups
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| the four groups of cell adhesion molecules | selectins, integrins, Ig superfamily, Cadherins
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| cell adhesion mediated by ______ requires ____ | selectins, integrins and most cadherins, Ca2+, Mg 2+ or Mn2+
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| many adhesive interactions between cells are ___-dependent | cation
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| the selectins mediate transient interactions between | leukocytes and endothelial cells or blood platelets
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| there are ___ members of the selectin family : | 3, E-selectin, P-selectin,L-selectin
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| e-selectin expressed on | endothelial cells
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| p-selectin expressed on | platelets
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| l-selectin expressed on | leukocytes
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| selectins recognize | cell surface carbohydrates
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| one of the critical roles of selectins is to initiate the interactions between __ and ___ during the migration of ____ to ____ | leukocytes, endothelial cells, leukocytes, sites of inflammation
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| in the process of attachment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, the _____ first mediate _____ | selectins, initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells
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| ICAM stands for | intracellular adhesion molecules
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| after initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells by selectins during inflammation, the formation of ___ occurs, in which ____ on the ____ bind to ___ | more stable adhesion, integrins on the surface of leukocytes, ICAMs
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| ICAMs are members of the _____ | Ig superfamily
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| ICAMs are expressed on | surface of endothelial cells
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| After binding of ICAMs, the ____ are able to _____ and ___ | leukocytes, penetrate the walls of the capillaries, enter the underlying tissue
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| leukocytes leave the circulation at ____ by interacting with the ____ of ____ | sites of tissue inflammation, endothelial cells, capillary walls
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| in the second step of attachment of leukocytes to endothelial cells in inflammation, __ bind to ICAMs | integrins
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| the binding of integrins to ICAMs is an example of | heterophilic interaction
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| heterophilic interaction | an adhesion molecule on the surface of one cell recognizes a different molecule on the surface of another cell
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| homophilic interaction | molecule on the surface of one cell binds to the same molecule on the surface of another cell
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| members of the Ig superfamily can mediate ___ interactions | heterophilic and homophilic
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| homophilic binding can lead to ___ between ___ | selective adhesion, cells of the same type
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| there are more than __ members of the Ig superfamily | 100
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| the Ig superfamily is a family of ____ containing___- | CAMs, domains similar to immunoglobin
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| the cadherins have about ___ members | 80
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| cadherins share a ____ that ____ | conserved extracellular domain, mediates largely homophilic interactions
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| cadherins are involved in | selective adhesion between embryonic cells, formation of specific synapses in the nervous system, maintenance of stable junctions between cells
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| stable adhesion juntions involving the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells are usually based on | cadherins
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| cell-cell interactions mediated by selectins, integrins, and Ig superfamily are generally | transient
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| what are the types of cell-cell junctions | adherens junctions and desmosomes
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| the adherens junction anchors the __ | actin cytoskeleton
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| basic components of adherens junction | a-catenin, B-catenin, p120, nectin, transmembrane cadherins
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| B-catenin and p120 are members of the __family | armadillo protein
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| in adherens junction, B-catenin binds to | cytosolic tail of cadherins, a-catenin
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| in adherens junction, a-catenin binds to | b-catenin, actin
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| in adherens junction, p120 binds to | cytosolic tail of cadherins
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| function of b-catenin in adherens junction | maintain stability of junction
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| function of p120 in adherens junction | maintain stability of junction
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| at stable cell-cell juntions, members of the protein armadillo family serve to ____ | link cadherins to the cytoskeleton
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| nectin is a | cell adhesion molecule
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| nectins interact in a __ manner | homophilic
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| nectins can also bind heterolitically to ____ in the ____ | different nectins, membrane of other cell
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| cell adhesions are initally mediated by interactions between | nectins
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| the initial interaction of nectins at cell adhesions then ____ | recruits actin-binding proteins
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| the recruitment of actin-binding proteins to the cell adhesion begins | assembly of the mature junction
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| a desmosome is a region of contact between epithelial cells in which ____ are anchored to ____ | keratin filaments, the plasma membrane
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| an adherens junction is a region of cell-cell contact in which the ___ is anchored to ____ | actin cytoskeleton, the plasma membrane
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| desmosomes directly link the ____ of ____ | intermiediate filament cytoskeleton, adjacent cells
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| what are the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes | desmoglein, desmocollin
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| the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes bind by ____ across the juntion | heterophilic interaction
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| the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes bind to the intermediate filaments via | plakins
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| what armadillo family proteins are present in desmosomes | plakoglobin and plakophillin
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| what is the function of plakoglobin and plakophilin in desmosomes | bind to cytosolic tail of transmembrane cadherins and the intermediate-filament binding protein
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| what is the intermediate-filament binding protein in desmosomes | desmoplakin
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| desmoplakin is a member of the | plakin family
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| what member of the plakin family is present in desmosomes | desmoplakin
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| all components of desmosome | desmoglein, desmocollin, plakophilin, plakoglobin, desmoplakin, intermediate filaments
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| components of desmosome, family member, and what they bind to. | desmoglein & desmocollin: transmembrane cadherins, bind to plakoglobin & plakophilin & each other | plakoglobin and plakophilin: armadillo protein family, bind to cadherins and desmoplakin | desmoplakin, plakin family, binds to armadillo proteins & IFs
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| the strength of desmosomal links is a property of | the intermediate filaments and the various interactions
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| ____ for the ___ and ____ allow tissue-specific variation in desmosome properties | multiple genes, desmosomal cadherins, armadillo family proteins
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| tight junctions are critically important to the function of ___ as_____ | epithelial cell sheets, barriers between fluid compartments
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| tight junctions play two roles in separating liquid compartments: | 1) prevent free passage of molecules between cells of epithelial sheet 2) separate basolateral and apical domains by preventing free diffusion of lipids and membrane proteins between them
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| tight junctions provide minimal ___, thus are usually found in___ | adhesive strength, junctional complex
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| tight junctions are very effective | seals of the extracellular space
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| junctional complex | tight junction, adherens junction, desmosome
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| tight junctions are formed by _____ that _____ | a network of protein strands, continues around the entire circumference of the cell
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| each strand in the protein network family is composed of transmembrane proteins of the ____ families | occludin, claudin, and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)
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| all three of the proteins in the protein strans of tight junctions bind to ___ on ___ | similar proteins, adjacent cells
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| the cytosolic tails of the proteins in tight junctions are associated with proteins of the ___ family | zonula
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| the association of the protein in tight junctions with zonula proteins serves to | link the junction to the actin cytoskeleton and hold it in place on the plasma membrane
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| ___ may also be present in tight junctions | nectins
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| the role of nectins in tight junctions | recruiting claudins
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| tight junctions are the ____ between ____ | closest known contact, adjacent cells
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| tight junctions virtually exclude the | passage of molecules between cells
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| what links to the actin filaments in tight junctions? | zonula proteins
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| JAM stands for | junctional adhesion molecule
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| JAMs have ___ domains | 2 Ig
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| components of tight junction | occludin, claudin, JAMs, zonula proteins, nectins
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| linkge to the acitn cytoskeleton in tight junctions serves to | hold junction in place
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| within an individual tissue, cells are often linked by | gap junctions
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| gap junctions provide | direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
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| gap junctions are ____ through the ____ that ____ | open channels, plasma membrane, allow diffusion of ions and small molecules
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| gap junctions prevent the passage of | proteins and nucleic acids
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| gap junctions connect the ___ and ____ of the cells they connect | metabolic activities, electric responses
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| most cells communicate by | gap junctions
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| in electrically excitable cells, the passage of ions through gap junctions serves to _________ of ___ | couple and synchronize the contractions, neighboring cells
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| gap junctions allow the passage of some ____, such as ___ and ____, which potentially coordinates ____ | signaling molecules, Ca2+ and CAMP, responses of cells in tissues
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| gap junctions are constructed of proteins of the __ family | connexin
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| the connexins are a family of | transmembrane proteins
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| the connexin family consists of __ human proteins | 21
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| connexon | cylinder with aqueous pore in the middle, gap junction
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| six connexins assemble in a gap junction to form a | connexon
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| a connexon is formed from | 6 connexins
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| how is the open channel in the gap junction formed | alignment of connexons in adjacent cells
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| conbinations of various gap junction proteins give rise to ___ with ___ | various connexons, various properties
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| an electrical synapse is made up of ___ that ____ | specialized assmelblies of gap junctions, occur on specific nerve cells
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| specialized assemblies of gap junctions that occur in specific nerve cells | electrical synapse
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| cardiomyocytes use gap junctions to virtually ____ all ____ in ___ at the same time | depolarize, muscle cells, atria or ventricles
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| adhesion between plant cells is mediated by __, rather than by transmembrane proteins | their cell walls
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| ___ acts as a glue to hold adjacent plant cells together | middle lamella
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| the middle lamella is rich in (in plants) | pectin
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| the middle lamella in plants is a region of the | cell wall
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| adjacent plant cells sometimes communicate with each other through ___ | plasmodesmata
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| plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic connections through which plant cells sometimes communicate
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| plant cell walls, due to their rigiditiy, do not require the formation of ____ such as in ___ | cytoskeletal links, desmosomes and adherens junctions
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| plasmodesmata function analogously to | gap junctions
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| integrins recognize the __ as a ligand | extracellular matrix, Ig superfamily
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| Ig superfamily recognize __ as a ligand | integrins, other Ig superfamily proteins
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| Cadherins recognize ___ as a ligand | other cadherins
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| selectins recognize __ as a ligand | carbohydrates
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| tight junctions allow transport of | ions and small molecules
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