Biology Honors Ch. 2
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| What are the three parts of the cell theory? | All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all existing cells are produced by other living cells
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| composed of one cell | unicellular
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| composed of many cells that may organize | multicellular
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| Two types of cells | prokaryotic and eukaryotic
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| This type of cell has no nucleus, is unicellular, has cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and an example of an organism made of this type of cell is bacteria | prokaryotic
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| This type of cell has a nucleus, organelles, and makes up animals, plants, fungi, and protists | eukaryotic
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| All cells (plant AND animal) have these 4 things: | cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material (DNA or RNA)
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| specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function ("mini organs") | organelles
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| CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL; surrounds outside of all cells, made of two layers | cell (plasma) membrane
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| 2 layers of fat | phospholipid bilayer
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| GIVES THE CELL SHAPE; CAN MOVE ORGANELLES AROUND; PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANIMAL CELLS; network of threadlike fibers, made of proteins | cytoskeleton
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| HOLDS EVERYTHING IN PLACE & PROVIDES A SOLUTION FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE IN; jelly-like substance, mainly made of water | cytoplasm
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| PROTECTS THE DNA THAT CONTROLS ALL ACTIVITIES OF A CELL; contains genetic material (DNA); surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane | nucleus
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| MAKES rRNA WHICH MAKE UP RIBOSOMES; inside the nucleus | nucleolus
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| MAKE PROTEINS IN A PROCESS CALLED TRANSLATION; located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm | ribosomes
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| MAKES PROTEINS; has ribosomes on surface; hugs the nucleus | Rough ER
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| MAKES LIPIDS, DESTROYS TOXINS, REGULATES CALCIUM; no ribosomes on surface; attached to rough ER | Smooth ER
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| PROCESSES, SORTS, AND SHIPS PROTEINS WHERE NEEDED; folded membrane | Golgi apparatus
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| BREAKS DOWN DEAD STUFF, FOOD, BACTERIA, OLD PARTS OF CELL); CAN DO PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS); contains enzymes; in animal cells only | lysosomes
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| STORAGE 9WATER, NUTRIENTS, WASTE, ETC.); small and numerous in animal cells; one large central one in plant cells | vacuole
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| APPEAR DURING CELL DIVISION & HELP CELL DIVIDE BY PULLING CHROMOSOMES APART; made of microtubules; animal cells only | centrioles/centrosomes
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| MOVES FLUID ACROSS CELL SURFACE; shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars; animal and bacteria cells only | cilia
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| MOVES ENTIRE CELL; longer, fewer (1-3); animal and bacteria cells only | flagella
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| WHERE CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAPPENS; BREAKS DOWN FOOD TO RELEASE ENERGY AS ATP; POWERHOUSE OF CELL | mitochondria
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| WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS; in plant cells only | choloroplast
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| PROTECTS AND MAINTAINS SHAPE; made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria; plant and bacteria cells only | cell wall
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| 1 massive central structure; STORAGE CENTER; plant cells only | central vacuole
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| the need of an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions | homeostasis
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| The cell membrane is ____________ _____________________, meaning certain substances can move across it freely, while others must move through a "gate" | selectively permeable
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| Transport of materials can be _______ _______ or ______ ______. | passive transport or active transport
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| cellular transport that requires NO EXTRA ENERGY by the cell because molecules move from high concentration to low concentration | passive transport
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| cellular transport that requires EXTRA ENERGY (ATP) to be spent to bring materials into the cell or expel materials out of the cell moving from low concentration to high concentration | active transport
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| Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion are all examples of _____ transport. | passive
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| Molecular Pumps, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis are all examples of ____ transport. | active
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| The type of passive transport where molecules spread out across a membrane until they are equally concentrated on both sides of the membrane | diffusion
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| The type of passive transport where a transport protein acts as a protein channel to help the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane | facilitated diffusion
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| The type of passive transport where water is diffused across the cell membrane | osmosis
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| In a ________ solution, water will tend to move OUT of the cell and the cell shrivels | hypertonic
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| In a ________ solution, water will tend to move INTO a cell and the cell swells | hypotonic
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| In a _______ solution, identical water concentrations to what is found in a cell's cytoplasm and the cell stays the same | isotonic
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| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel | molecular pumps
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| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to IMPORT large amounts of materials INTO the cell using a VESICLE (ex. White blood cells engulf bacteria to fight infection) | endocytosis
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| Two types of endocytosis are ______ (cell "eating") and _______ (cell "drinking" | phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to EXPORT large amounts of materials OUT OF the cell using a vesicle (ex. Nerve cells release neurotransmitters to pass signals to the brain) | exocytosis
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| gives rise to many IDENTICAL cells | cell division
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| a process that creates special structures and functions | differentiation
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| a repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells | cell cycle
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| Three phases of the cell cycle | interphase, mitosis, cytokenesis
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| The GROWTH PHASE of the cell divided into 3 phases | interphase
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| Interphase has three phases: G1, S, and G2. At the end of the interphase the cell has 2 full sets of __________ | chromosomes
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| one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information | chromosome
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| The CELL DIVISION phase where one cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells | mitosis
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| 5 parts of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
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| Part of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form out of the centrioles | prophase
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| Part of mitosis where the chromosomes MOVE TO THE MIDDLE of the cell | metaphase
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| Part of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | anaphase
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| Part of mitosis where nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of cell and cytokinesis begins | telophase
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| the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells | cytokinesis
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| Why do body cells divide? | growth and repair
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| programmed cell death (ex. web fingers and toes during development) | apoptosis
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| uncontrolled cell division | cancer
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| clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably | tumor
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| cancer cells that break away from the tumor and are carried to other parts of the body to form more tumors | malignant
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| spread of disease from one organ to others | metastasize
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| abnormal cells typically remain clustered together; it may be harmless and easily removed | benign
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| cancer-causing agents | carcinogens
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Created by:
aaswell