Anatomy
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| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called ____________, which are joined end to end to form the myofibril. | sarcomeres
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| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | Motor neurons
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| ________ ________ occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When the sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to shorten | Muscle Contraction
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| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractibility
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| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | Excitability
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| ability to be stretched | Extensibility
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| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| Muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal _____________ | body temperature
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| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | epimysium
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| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles | Fascia
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| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi (fascicle), which are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | perimysium
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| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | fibers.
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | endomysium
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| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ________- a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | actin myofilaments
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| On each side of the Z line is a light area called an _ _____, it consists of actin. | I band
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| The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called the _ _____. | M line
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| When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the charge is called ____________. | action potential
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| Axons enter the muscles and branch. Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _________ or __________ near the center of the cell. | neuromuscular junction, or synapse
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| The enlarged nerve terminal is the ________ _________. | presynaptic terminal
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| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the __________ _________ | synaptic cleft
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| The muscle fiber is the ________ ________ | postsynaptic terminal
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| Synaptic vesicles secretes a neurotransmitter called ___________. It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell. | acetylcholine
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| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called ______ _______ ______ _______ of muscle contraction. The H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length | the sliding filament mechanism
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| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the ____ _______ | lag phase
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| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany
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| Each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing | several nuclei
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| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers: | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. | myosin myofilaments
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| The ______________ is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | sarcomere
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| Each sarcomere extends from one _______ (disc) to another ______ (disc). Each ______ is an attachment site for actin. | Z line
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| The arrangement of ______ and ______ give a banded appearance | actin and myosin
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| The _ _____ extends the length of the myosin. It is the darker central region in each sarcomere. | A band
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| In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called the _ _____, which consists of only myosin. | H zone
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| The outside of most cell membranes is positively charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is negatively charged. The charge difference across the membrane is called the _____________. | resting membrane potential
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| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a ______ ______. Many motor units form a single muscle. | motor unit
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| A __________ __________ is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | neuromuscular junction
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains _______ _________ | synaptic vesicles
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| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called _________, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the ___-__-____ _______. | threshold, all-or-none response
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| The time of contraction is the ________ ________ | contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes is the ________ _______ | relaxation phase
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| If _________ ________ are given you get successive twitches that occur so frequently the muscle doesn't have time to fully relax | successive stimuli
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called _____________ | recruitment
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes crows feet
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks. trumpeter's muscle
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Intrinsic Tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration.
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| The arm is attached to the thorax by the | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb.
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm.
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction.
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks. Gluteus medius, hip muscle and common injection site.
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh
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Created by:
JaKPak