Board Review
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| Positioning for Skull PA | OML perpendicular to IR, CR 15 degrees caudal exiting nasion
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| Positioning for Skull PA Axial Caldwell | OML perpendicular to IR, CR parallel to OML exiting glabella
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| Positioning for Skull SMV | IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to IOML exiting 1.5" inferior to mandibular symphysis
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| Positioning for PA Axial Haas skull | OML perpendicular, CR 25 degrees cephalic to OML exiting 2.5" above glabella
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| Positioning for AP Axial (Towne) skull | OML perpendicular, CR 30 degrees caudal exiting 2.5" above glabella
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| Positioning for Lateral skull | IPL perpendicular and IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR, CR perpendicular exiting 2" superior to EAM
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| Positioning for CTL skull | IOML perpendicular to tabletop, CR horizontal to IR exiting 2" superior to EAM
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| Positioning for Trauma AP skull | OML perpendicular to tabletop but most likely IOML will be perpendicular, CR parallel to OML entering the glabella
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| Positioning for Trauma AP 15 degree cephalic | OML perpendicular to tabletop but most likely the IOML will be perpendicular, CR 15 degrees cephalic to OML entering the nasion
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| Positioning for Trauma AP Axial (Towne) | OML perpendicular to tabletop but most likely the IOML will be perpendicular, CR 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees to IOML passing midway between EAM and exiting foramen magnum
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| Positioning for Lateral facial bones | IPL perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR, CR perpendicular to IR exiting 1/2 way between outer canthus and EAM
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| Positioning for Pareitoacanthial Waters facial bones | MML perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular to IR exiting the acanthion
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| Positioning for PA Axial (Caldwell) facial bones | OML perpendicular to IR, CR 15 degrees caudal exiting the nasion
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| Positioning for PA Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) facial bones | LML perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular to IR exiting acanthion
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| Positioning for Axiolateral Oblique Mandible | IPL perpendicular to IR and IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR, CR angled or with 15 degree head tilt-10 degrees exiting mandibular area of interest
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| Positioning for PA mandible | OML perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular exiting junction of the lips
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| Positioning for AP Axial mandible | OML perpendicular to IR, CR 35-42 degrees caudal exiting glabella
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| Positioning for PA semi axial mandible | OML perpendicular to IR, CR 20-25 degrees cephalic exiting acanthion
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| Positioning for PA modified waters mandible | AML nearly perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular to IR exiting level of lips
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| Positioning for PA Waters nasal bones (nose to board) | MML perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular to IR exiting acanthion
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| Positioning for Lateral nasal bones | IPL perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular o IR exiting 1/2" inferior to nasion
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| Positioning for PA Caldwell nasal bones (forehead to board) | OML perpendicular to IR, CR 15 degrees caudal exiting nasion
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| What is seen in a AP? | orbits are completely filled by the margins of the petrous pyramids, orbits are magnified (bug eyed)
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| What is seen in a Lateral? | anterior clinioid process, sella turcica, dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes
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| What is seen in an SMV? | symmetry of the petrosae, the mastoid processes, the foramina ovale and spinosum, the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses, the mandible, the bony nasal septum, dens, occiptal bone
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| What are you looking for in a CTL/upright skull? | air fluid levels (horitzontal beam)
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| What is seen in a AP Axial (Towne)? | symmetric images of the petrous pyramids, the posterior portion of the foramen magnum, the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum, the occipital bone and posterior portion of the parietal bone
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| What is seen in an AP Axial (Reverse Caldwell)? | petrous pyramids lying in the lower third of the orbit, orbits are magnified
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| What is seen in a PA? | orbits filled by the petrous pyramids, posterior ethmoidal air cells, crista galli, frontal bone and frontal sinuses
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| What is seen in an PA Axial (Caldwell)? | petrous pyramids are projected into the lower third of the orbits, anterior ethmoidal air cells, cristal galli, frontal bone and frontal sinuses
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| What do you see in a PA Axial Haas? | occipital region of the cranium and symmetric imaging of the petrous pyramids and the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum
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| What sinuses are viewed in a lateral position? | All sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid
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| Positioning for PA Caldwell sinuses | Neck extended so OML forms 15 degrees from horizontal to the IR, CR horizontal to IR (to check air fluid levels) exiting nasion
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| What sinuses are viewed from PA Caldwell sinus? | frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary sinus
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| Positioning for PA Waters (open mouth) | MML perpendicular to IR, CR horizontal to IR exiting acanthion
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| What sinuses are viewed from PA Waters open mouth? | All sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid
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| What sinuses are viewed from SMV sinus? | ethmoid and sphenoid
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| Positioning for PA Waters sinus | MML perpendicular, CR perpendicular to IR exiting acanthion
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| What sinuses are viewed from PA Waters? | maxillary sinus (projected free of petrous pyramids) and a (distorted view of frontal and ethmoid)
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| Views for orbits? | Parietoacanthial (Waters), lateral, PA Axial (Caldwell), Modified Parietoacanthial (Modifed waters)
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| Which of the following sinus groups is demonstrated with the patient positioned as for a parietoacanthial projection (Water's method) with the CR directed through the patient's open mouth? | Sphenoidal
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| All of the following statements regarding an exact PA projection of the skull are true, except? | the MSP is parallel to the IR
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| Which of the following is best demonstrated in the AP axial projection (Towne mehtod) of the skull, with the CR directed 30 degrees caudad to the orbitomeatal line (OML) and passing midway between the external auditory meati? | occipital bone
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| The floor of the cranium includes the temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid but not the | occipital
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| Which view of the skull best demonstrates the maxilalry sinuses? | SMV
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| With the patient's head in a PA position and the CR directed 20 degrees cephalad, which part of the mandible will be best visualized? | Rami
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| With the patient in a PA position and the OML and CR perpendicular to the IR, the resulting image will demonstrate the petrous pyramids | completely filling the orbits (PA)...if caudal angulation is used, the petrous pyramids will be in the lower 1/3 of the orbit..cephalad angulation projects the petrous pyramids into the occipital region
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| Where are the petrous ridges in a PA skull? | Completely filling the orbits
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| Where are the petrous ridges in a PA Axial (15 degree caudal) Caldwell skull? | Lower 1/3 of orbits
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| Where are the petrous ridges in a Parietoacanthial projection (Waters)? | Below the maxillary sinuses
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| Where are the petrous ridges in a modified parietoacanthial projection (modified waters)? | Lower 1/2 of maxillary sinuses
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| What is visualized in the PA projection of the paranasal sinuses? | The OML is elevated 15 degrees from the horizontal and the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses are visualized
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| Lateral deviation of the nasal septum may be best demonstrated in the | Parietoacanthial (Waters) projection
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| How much of a degree difference is between the OML and IOML? | 7 degrees
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| If a patients zygomatic arch has been traumatically depressed or the patient has flat cheekbones, the arch may be demonstrated by modifying the SMV projection and rotating the patients head | 15 degrees toward side being examined
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| Structures involving blowout fractures includ | orbital floor and inferior rectus muscle
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| SMV | IOML parallel
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| Lateral | MSP parallel IPL perpendicular
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| AP axial (Towne) | OML or IOML perpendicular (angled 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees caudal to IOML)
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| PA axial (Caldwell) | OML or IOML perpendicular
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| In a lateral projection of the nasal bones, the CR is directed | 1/2 distal to the nasion
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| Which positions best demonstrates the sphenoid sinuses? | Modified Waters (mouth open) and Lateral
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| To demonstrate the mandibular body in the PA projection , the | CR is directed perpendicular to the IR
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| PA | OML perpendicular
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| PA Axial (Haas) | OML
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| Parietoacanthial (Waters) | MML perpendicular (OML forms 37 degree angle with table)
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| Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) | LML perpendicular (OML forms a 55 degree angle with table)
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| PA Mandible | OML perpendicular, CR exiting junction of lips
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| Caldwell for sinuses | OML 15 from horizontal
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| Open mouth waters | OML forms a 37 degree angle with IR (MML perpendicular with mouth closed)
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| AP vs PA skull | AP skull images show a magnified version of the orbits
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