Physics (GCSE) Revision (Waves)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| When sounds bounce back (reflect) from hard surfaces this is called an . . . | ECHO | show 🗑
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| When a ray of light is reflected from a shiny surface (e.g. a plane mirror) the angle of incidence is equal to . . . | the angle of reflection. | show 🗑
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| A line drawn at 90 degrees to a surface is called a . . . | show | Used in measuring angles of reflection and refraction.
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| When rays of light change direction as they cross the boundary between two different substances this is called . . . | show | All waves do this.
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| Refraction occurs when light travels between two different materials because . . . | the speed of light is different in each material. | show 🗑
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| show | LONGITUDINAL waves | Compressions and rarefactions travelling through a material ( a push-pull motion on a slinky spring)
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| show | TRANSVERSE waves | Like a side-to-side motion on a slinky spring.
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| Light waves travel at . . . | the speed of LIGHT | show 🗑
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| Sound waves travel much slower than light. Their speed in air is approximately . . . | 330 m/s | show 🗑
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| Sound waves can be reflected and . . . | show | When they cross the boundary between two different substances.
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| If waves cross a boundary between two different substances at a right angle, there is . . . | show | Only speed and wavelength change.
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| What changes when a light ray crosses a boundary between air and glass, travelling into the glass? | Speed decreases. Wavelength decreases. It bends towards the normal. | show 🗑
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| show | increase. | Light travels faster in air than glass.
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| show | transverse waves. | The surface is displaced at a right angle to the direction of travel of the waves.
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| Water waves can be . . . | show | Same as any other waves you care to mention.
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| When water waves travel from deep water to shallow water they are refracted because . . . | show | There is more drag from the seabed.
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| show | some light is refracted and some is reflected from the boundary. | Usually about 50% of the light is reflected.
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| For light travelling from glass to air, if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain angle what happens? | All of the light is reflected inside the glass. | show 🗑
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| What is the name of the largest angle of incidence at which light can just be refracted at a boundary between glass and air? | show | About 42 degrees for glass / air.
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| Light can travel along an optic fibre because of . . . | total internal reflection. | show 🗑
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| Optic fibres can be used to send telephone messages in the form of . . . | pulses of light. | show 🗑
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| Sound waves travel through solids, liquids and gases as . . . | longitudinal waves. | show 🗑
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| When a wave moves through a gap, or past an obstacle, it . . . | show | This is called diffraction.
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| Diffraction of radio waves can improve radio reception in hilly areas because . . . | show | This doesn't work with TV or microwaves because they have a shorter wavelength.
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| Diffraction occurs more strongly when . . . | show | A hill of height 1000m will diffract radio waves of the same wavelength.
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| When white light passes through a 60 degree prism . . . | show | Isaac Newton explained this by saying that white is a mixture of all the other colours.
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| Different colours of light have different . . . | show | Red has the longest, violet the shortest.
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| show | dispersion. | Different colours travel at different speeds in glass - red slows down least.
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| Which colour is refracted most by a prism? | show | Violet Veers Violently
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| show | electromagnetic spectrum | It extends to very large and very small wavelengths.
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| show | radio waves. | Typically over 1 kilometre in length.
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| show | gamma rays. | Wavelength is less than the size of an atom.
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| When radiation is absorbed, the energy it carries makes . . . | the substance which absorbs it hotter. | show 🗑
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| Electromagnetic radiation may also . . . | show | That's how a radio or TV works.
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| show | transmit radio and TV programmes between different points on Earth's surface. | Range is limited by line of sight.
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| Longer wavelength radio signals can be reflected from an electrically charged layer in Earth's upper atmosphere called . . . | the ionosphere. | show 🗑
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| Microwave radiation of short wavelength which can pass through Earth's atmosphere is used to . . . | show | To receive information from a satellite you will need a satellite DISH.
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| A microwave oven can be used for cooking because . . . | show | No metal objects and certainly not your hands!
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| show | infra red radiation. | This is emitted from warm bodies such as animals and plants.
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| A TV remote control uses . . . | infra red radiation. | show 🗑
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| show | endoscope. | It can be used at both 'ends' - but only by a qualified medical person please !
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| show | ultraviolet radiation | Careless exposure can result in skin cancer (melanoma) so use Factor 25 at least !
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| Special coatings which absorb UV and emit visible light are used in . . . | fluorescent lamps and security coding. | show 🗑
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| show | X-rays do not easily pass through bone or metal. | It can be used at airports for screening your luggage - so leave those scissors at home.
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| Gamma radiation is used to . . . | kill harmful bacteria in food, sterilise surgical instruments and kill cancer cells. | show 🗑
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| show | damaged or killed by the heat released. | So keep your hands out of the microwave and keep your mobile phone at a safe distance too.
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| Infra red is absorbed by the skin and felt as . . . | heat. | show 🗑
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| Ultraviolet can pass through the skin to deeper tissues. The darker the skin . . . | the more UV it absorbs and the less reaches deeper tissues. | show 🗑
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| X-rays and gamma rays mostly pass through soft tissues but some . . . | is absorbed by the cells. | show 🗑
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| High doses of UV, X and gamma radiation can kill normal cells. Lower doses can . . . | show | Very high doses are needed to kill cancer cells, but healthy cells are also killed. It is a high risk strategy.
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| show | electrical signals that can be sent long distances through cables or using electromagnetic waves as carriers. | Traditional methods: copper wires and radio signals.
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| Information can be converted into light or infra red signals and sent . . . | show | Modern methods: cheaper, less loss of energy so more efficient.
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| show | analogue signals | Old fashioned vinyl records and terrestrial TV ( not digital)
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| Signals can be coded as a series of pulses which have two states, on or off. These are called . . . | digital signals | show 🗑
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| One advantage of difgital signals over older analogue signals is . . . | higher quality - the signals do not change their information during the transmission process. | show 🗑
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| show | their information carrying capacity. | More information can be transmitted in a given time than with analogue signals.
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| show | NOISE | Noise adds to both types of signal.
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| show | the signal becomes less like the original. Its quality deteriorates. | Noise is also amplified along with any differences.
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| show | noise is of low amplitude and below the level recognised as 'on'. It is treated as 'off'. | The voltage needed for an 'on' state is much higher than the noise level.
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| show | the louder the sound. | Turn it up !
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| The number of complete vibrations each second is called the . . . | frequency ( measured in hertz, Hz) | show 🗑
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| show | ultrasound or ultrasonic waves | Above 20kHz, I give up.
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| Ultrasonic waves are used in medicine for . . . | show | Doesn't harm the foetus like X-rays would.
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| In industry, ultrasound is used for . . . | show | Can detect cracks in welds, moulded castings etc.
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| The information needed for an ultrasound scan to be useful is . . . | show | The distance to the reflecting boundary can be calculated if the speed of sound in the material is known.
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| show | seismic waves. | Earthquake intensity is measured on the Richter scale.
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| Earthquakes produce waves which can be detected using . . . | show | They produce a pen and ink trace on a rotating drum of paper.
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| The outermost layer of the Earth is very thin and is called the . . . | show | If the Earth was the size of an apple, the crust would only be the thickness of the skin.
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| The Earth's core extends about halfway to the surface. It consists of an inner and an outer core. The outer core is . . . | show | The inner core is a solid ball of metal.
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| The layer of rock surrounding the core extends almost to the surface and is called the . . . | mantle | show 🗑
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| The overall density of the Earth is much greater than the mean densities of the rocks that form the crust. This suggests that . . . | show | Density increases with depth due to the increasing pressure of the overlying rocks.
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| What are the two types of seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth? | P and S waves. | show 🗑
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| Which type of seismic waves are faster? | show | They are recorded first by seismographs at the start of an earthquake.
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| show | P waves are longitudinal, S waves are transverse. | P waves are compression waves. S waves are shear waves.
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| Which type of seismic wave cannot travel in a liquid? | S waves | show 🗑
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| show | they are being refracted. | They travel faster as they go deeper.
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| The speed of seismic waves increases with depth because . . . | show | Seismic waves travel faster in denser material.
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| The speed and direction of P waves change abruptly as they reach the outer core because . . . | its density suddenly decreases. | show 🗑
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| We know that the outer core is a liquid because . . . | show | Only P waves can pass right through the Earth's core.
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| Some seismometers cannot detect the S waves from an earthquake. Why is this ? | S waves can't pass through the core. | show 🗑
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| show | they may have been part of larger land mass which spli apart. | e.g. south east America and west Africa
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| Wegener's theory of continental drift is supported by . . . | similar patterns of rocks and fossils on different continents | show 🗑
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| The upper part of Earth's mantle and crust is called the . . . | lithosphere | show 🗑
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| The pieces of Earth's lithosphere which are moving are called . . . | show | Like rafts of polystyrene floating on denser water
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| show | a few centimetres a year | We can measure this by timing radio signals
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| show | convection currents in the mantle | The energy is provided by radioactive decay which releases heat
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| At the boundaries between tectonic plates we find . . . | show | You can see a map of this in your text book
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| show | transform fault | They rub and produce friction e.g. California
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| show | subduction | Old crust is melted to form volcanoes
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| Sea floor spreading is caused when . . . | show | New magama rises to fill the gap
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| Evidence for sea-floor spreading is provided by . . . | magnetic reversal patterns in oceanic crust | show 🗑
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